A NEW GUIDE FOR POULTRY DIET FORMULATION WITH SOME AID TABLES

Document Type : Research article

Authors

Faculty of Vet. Med., Beni – Suef University, Egypt

Abstract

 
Diet formulation can be done either by hand or by using the computer. In addition to the computer programs the hand calculation is increasing and forming a good job, and it is possible for any specialist to formulate even rather complex diets. To reduce hand calculations what is called “aid tables” are established containing already established computations. To mix diets, information about nutrient requirements, feed composition, and methods of formulation are needed. The nutrient requirements can be reduced into eleven estimates. Commonly in formulations we use corn, soybean meal as basal feeds, limestone, calcium phosphate, common salt, methionine and lysine, and premixes. In some instances fat or oil, fish meal, and wheat bran may be used. Of the five methods of diet formulation, the square and simultaneous equations are the two applied in this paper using four groups of aid tables. The tables include the chemical composition of different amounts of feeds, the elements in different amounts of supplements, corn/soya mixtures made according to different C/P ratios, and lastly mixtures of fat and soya for energy and crude protein correction. In the first amounts of mineral supplements are picked from the aid tables, needs of energy and crude protein are corrected, corn and soybean meal proportions are calculated on crude protein or energy- basis then the other nutrient is corrected using fat/soya tables. In simultaneous method, and after estimating the mineral supplements and correcting the energy and crude protein needs, the proportions of corn and soybean meal are read from the simultaneous substitute table saving too much time for calculation. The proportions are reduced to the balance 100 units and energy and crude protein could be corrected using the fat/soya tables.

Keywords

Full Text

Faculty of Vet. Med., Beni – Suef University, Egypt

 

A new guide for poultry diet formulation

with some aid tables

(With 15 Tables)

 

By

H.M. Abdel –Hafeez and Samar S. Tawfeik

(Received at 6/4/2009)

 

          دليل جديد لترکيب علائق الدواجن مع بعض الجداول المساعدة

 

حسن محمود عبد الحفيظ ، سمر سيد توفيق

 

إن ترکيب العلائق يمکن القيام به يدويا أو بواسطة الکمبيوتر وبرغم تطور برامج الکمبيوتر إلا أن الطريقة اليدوية تعتبر عمل جيد من الممکن لأى متخصص أن يقوم بتکوين حتى أعقد الترکيبات. وترکيب العلائق هى عملية معقدة تشتمل على معادلات مستنبطة ومتکررة وعمليات حسابية عديدة ولتقليل هذه الحسابات اليدوية فقد تم الاستعاضة عن الکثير منها بما تم تسميتة بالجداول المساعدة محتوية على أرقام تم استخرجها بحسابات مسبقة. ويستلزم عند عمل العلائق توافر معلومات عن الاحتياجات الغذائية للطائر والترکيب الکيميائى لمواد العلف والطرق الحسابية لعمل العلائق. وفيما يخص الاحتياجات الغذائية فمن المفترض أن يتوافر فى الغذاء 41 عنصر غذائى بناء على نوع الطائر وسنه ومستواه الانتاجى إلا أنه قد أمکن اختصارها إلى 11 عنصر عند حساب ترکيب العلائق تشمل الطاقة التمثيلية وتقدر بالسعر الحرارى/ کيلو جرام من العليقة والبروتين والکالسيوم والفسفور والصوديوم فتحسب کنسبة مئوية من العليقة والمتبقى من الاحتياجات کالعناصر المعدنية النادرة والفيتامينات والأحماض الأمينية وإضافات الأعلاف تضاف على مستوى الطن من العليقة. ولاستيفاء هذه الاحتياجات قد تم استخدام الذرة وکسب فول الصويا کمواد علف أساسية ومسحوق الحجر الجيرى وفوسفات الکالسيوم وملح الطعام کمصادر للعناصر المعدنية الکبرى والمثيونين واللسين المنتجين تجاريا لتعويض النقص المتبقى فى العليقة بعد حساب مدى مساهمة مواد العلف بهما أما العناصر المعدنية الصغرى والفيتامينات فيتم إمدادها بواسطة إضافة بريمکس مصنع تجاريا وبالکميات التى تنص عليها الشرکة المنتجة. وفى بعض الحالات يستدعى الأمر استخدام دهون أو زيوت أو مسحوق سمک أو نخالة قمح. وهناک خمس طرق لحساب العلائق تم تطبيق طريقتين منها فى هذا البحث وهى طريقة المربع لبيرسون وطريقة المعادلات الآنية مع استنباط أربعة مجموعات من الجداول المساعدة تحتوى مجموعة منها على الترکيب الکيميائى لکميات مختلفة من مواد العلف وأخرى على العناصر المعدنية فى کميات مختلفة من مصادرها والمجموعة الثالثة تحتوى على مخاليط من الذرة ومسحوق فول الصويا وفقا لمختلف النسب من الطاقة إلى البروتين أما المجموعة الأخيرة فهى لمخاليط من الدهون وکسب فول الصويا لتصويب مستوى الطاقة إو البروتين فى العليقة. ولتطبيق الطريقتين المقترحتين يتبع الآتى: ففى الطريقة الأولى (طريقة المربع): تأخذ کميات ملاحق الأملاح المعدنية الکبرى من الجداول المساعدة- يعدل مستوى الاحتياج من الطاقة والبروتين- تحسب نسب الذرة والصويا أما على أساس الطاقة أو البروتين باستخدام المربع- تصوب نسبة المادة الغذائية الأخرى باستخدام جداول مخاليط الدهون وفول الصويا أما فى استخدام الطريقة الثانية: تأخذ کميات ملاحق العلائق للأملاح المعدنية الکبرى من الجداول المساعدة- يعدل مستوى الاحتياج من الطاقة والبروتين- تأخذ نسب الذرة وفول الصويا من الجداول (موفرة بذلک وقت کثير يستهلک فى الحسابات)- تعدل النسب ليکون المجموع مائة وحدة- تصوب نسبة الطاقة والبروتين (إذا أحتاج الأمر لذلک) باستخدام جداول مخاليط الدهون ومسحوق فول الصويا.

 

SUMMARY

 

Diet formulation can be done either by hand or by using the computer. In addition to the computer programs the hand calculation is increasing and forming a good job, and it is possible for any specialist to formulate even rather complex diets. To reduce hand calculations what is called “aid tables” are established containing already established computations. To mix diets, information about nutrient requirements, feed composition, and methods of formulation are needed. The nutrient requirements can be reduced into eleven estimates. Commonly in formulations we use corn, soybean meal as basal feeds, limestone, calcium phosphate, common salt, methionine and lysine, and premixes. In some instances fat or oil, fish meal, and wheat bran may be used. Of the five methods of diet formulation, the square and simultaneous equations are the two applied in this paper using four groups of aid tables. The tables include the chemical composition of different amounts of feeds, the elements in different amounts of supplements, corn/soya mixtures made according to different C/P ratios, and lastly mixtures of fat and soya for energy and crude protein correction. In the first amounts of mineral supplements are picked from the aid tables, needs of energy and crude protein are corrected, corn and soybean meal proportions are calculated on crude protein or energy- basis then the other nutrient is corrected using fat/soya tables. In simultaneous method, and after estimating the mineral supplements and correcting the energy and crude protein needs, the proportions of corn and soybean meal are read from the simultaneous substitute table saving too much time for calculation. The proportions are reduced to the balance 100 units and energy and crude protein could be corrected using the fat/soya tables.

 

Key words: Ration formulation, square method, simultaneous equations,       aid tables, poultry

 

Introduction

 

            Ration formulation can be defined as a complex process by which nominated feed ingredients are mixed to provide the animal by the needed amounts of nutrients prescribed for the given stage of performance, and at reasonable cost. The diet formulation can be done either by hand or by using the computer technology. 

In spite of the wide use of computer technology still it does not eliminate the need to formulate diets by hand. In hand formulation too many mathematical problems and equations are derived and solved and a series of algebraic calculations must be performed. By hand it is possible for any specialist to formulate even the rather complex poultry diets. In addition, the computer programs are stressing on formulating diets of the least cost kinds, which in spite of being nutritionally adequate, it may not be the most economic. It is conclusively the monetary net return from using these or any other formulations that counts.

            As a general, ration formulation is a complex process involving balancing between the main classes of nutrients and within the nutrient group. It is a kind of deriving and solving repetitive equations for which recently the computer is called for. In this paper it was found it is a good job and valuable to reduce the hand calculations by already established computations displayed in tables, we call it the "aid tables", and fast the process by setting a set of new well defined procedures derived through fixed working steps.

The information required to mix diets is firstly about the nutritional requirements, nutrient composition of commonly used and available feeds and costs. Secondly is the choosing of the feasible method of formulation.

Nutritional requirements of poultry:

The standard source for nutrient requirements is the most recent ninth revised edition of NRC issued in 1994. Feeding standards are tables listing the amounts of the nutrients required by poultry for the different productive functions. These standards are necessary guides in ration formulation, especially that of NRC which is the most widely used one satisfying the needs of all or most breeds and strains. Samar et al. (1991) formulated diets for three different broiler chicken breeds on NRC standards – basis where it was sufficiently efficient for growth and weight gain. In NRC (1994) the amounts of forty two nutrients needed are considered for chickens, turkeys and quails; 26 in ducks; and 12 in geese. Little information has been published describing amino acid, mineral, or vitamin requirements in geese and ducks. The requirements established in tables are due to revision, by specific outstanding researchers committee, of the data of so many studies on the same species. The values given often represent an approximation of the published data in the different researches.

Usually all the mineral elements, except Ca, P & Na, and all the vitamins are supplied partially by the feed ingredients and supplemented, in excess, by the premixes commercially produced for poultry. The same will be applied for all the essential amino acids which are supplied by feeds used in the diet and only Met and Lys are the ones which can be supplemented, if needed for, as they are commercially produced at reasonable cost. Eventually in ration formulation the information related to nutrient requirements can be reduced into 4 main items expressed as energy, CP, macrominerals and premixes and a total of eleven estimates MEn, CP, Met, Met + Cys, Lys, Ca, non-phytate P, Na, and two supplements mineral and vitamin premixes and additives if needed for, of which amino acids, premixes and additives are added in kg per ton and by turn are not involved in the formulation process.

Feeding standards are not so precise, as still in many situations the needs can not be determined with great accuracy for poultry or experimental data are lacking. In these cases approximations and extrapolations are the solution. Also, economy, feed palatability, physical nature of diets, individual animal differences, management and stresses effect, are not considered. Thus, many variables, that alter the nutrient requirements, are difficult to be included quantitatively in tables. In addition, the standards are stated with no margin of safety, which should be added according to conditions (NRC, 1994). From time to time the standards are revised and some figures changed to keep with new information and feeding practices.

Feed ingredients

Feeds are initially divided into basal feeds mainly supplying energy, and protein feeds of animal and plant sources. The feeds then are nominated or chosen on protein or energy cost- basis and substitution for the basal and standard feeds corn and soybean meal could be practiced using equations extracted using the more simple square method, single or double.

 The feeds are needed to be supplemented for energy, minerals, vitamins and amino acids using fats or oils, limestone, dicalcium phosphate or monocalcium phosphate, common salt, methionine and lysine, and premixes for vitamins and trace elements. The premixes and amino acids are added on ton - basis while the other supplements are added on percentage - basis and eventually dilute the content of the diet either from energy or crude protein. This can be solved by calculating the supplements needed in percentage at first and then correcting the figures for energy and CP as related to the balance of 100. The diluting effect of supplements can be corrected as in the following example.

Correcting energy and protein needs in a broiler diet:

Requirements for non-phytate P 0.45, Ca 1.0 and Na 0.20 % are satisfied using the supplements dicalcium phosphate, limestone and salt, by the following amounts:

Dicalcium phosphate (18.7% P & 22% Ca) needed = 0.45 ÷ 0.187 = 2.406%

The amount of Ca in the supplement = 2.406 × 0.22=0.529

Ca needed to be supplemented by limestone = 1.0 - 0.529 = 0.471

Limestone (38 % Ca) needed = 0.471 ÷ 0.38 = 1.24%

Salt (39 % Na) needed = 0.2 ÷ 0.39 = 0.51%

Total supplements = 2.406 + 1.24 + 0.51 = 4.156%

Needs for energy 3200 kcal/kg and CP 23% will be corrected as follows:

         

            MEn  = 3200 ÷ ( 100 – 4.156 ) = 3338.8 kcal/kg diet

                                   100   

CP  = 23 ÷ ( 100 -  4.156 ) = 24%

                         100

In spite of the increase in energy and protein values the calorie/protein ratio remains the same at 139.13 (3200 ÷ 23 or        3338.8 ÷ 24 ).

The feeds nominated to be used in this paper to supply energy or protein are the standard feeds, corn and soybean meal. In certain conditions and diets fish meal and wheat bran may be needed to be used. On cost – basis other feeds could be substituted using the square method single or double and equations extracted from.

Feeds are inherently variable in its analysis and at every formulation it is impractical to analyze each feed batch for its nutrient content, especially the analyses do not differ greatly. Reliance must be placed on feed composition data that have been compiled on the basis of many laboratory analyses or extrapolated estimation equations.

 

 

Ration formulation methods

In making poultry diets most of the needed nutrients are added as supplements; minerals, vitamins or amino acids. Some are added in percentage needing to consider its amount in the diet composition, and the others are added in kg per ton of ready formulated and determined ingredients. For making mixtures of specified CP % or MEn density five methods are available. They are trial-and-error, 2 × 2 matrix, square, simultaneous equations, and computer methods (Pond et al., 1995; Cheeke, 2005; and Matthew and Moji, 2008). In the first four methods, nothing more than simple algebra is required to formulate rather complicated diets, techniques useful for hand formulation. In trial - and - error method feeds are interchanged repeatedly until the right combination is found. It needs a knowledge about available feeds and supplements, feeding restrictions, and feed proportions commonly used to start with before correction to match or cover the needs. In practice it takes time and appears to be tiresome (Talat, 2004 and Matthew and Moji, 2008). The 2 × 2 matrix is an alternative for simultaneous equation method, some people find it more easier and quicker (Jerry, 2004). The matrix and simultaneous methods provide a way of solving for two nutritional needs such as energy and protein through the use of two ingredients.

The square method and the simultaneous are the two methods tried to be applied in this paper, the first is modified to be used to formulate rations involving three sources and two nutrients but in another way than that conventional. The square method is derived to satisfy one nutrient while the second nutrient is corrected using a correcting fat/soya table established in this paper. The simultaneous equations are used to formulate rations from a combination of two sources and involving one nutrient when one of the equations is "dummy" or two nutrients deriving each of the two equations for one nutrient. This method needs time to get the two feeds proportions(as shown in the following example) and so was designed to be substituted by a table supplying the proportions and nutrient content of the different mixtures.

a- Simultaneous equations method for one nutrient (e.g. CP%):

CP% in decimal × X + CP% in decimal × Y = CP% needed   Original equation (1)

X + Y = 100 kg feed                                     Dummy equation (2)

The dummy equation is multiplied by crude protein in order that the X term in the dummy will cancel out with the original equation after subtraction. Using a corn ( X ) of 8.5% CP and soybean meal ( Y ) of  44% and a need for 23% the solution will be as follows:

  

     Original equation (1)                                 0.085 X  +  0.44 Y = 0.23

     Dummy equation (2)                                X  +  Y  =  100 and becomes

     Equation (3)                                            0.085 X + 0.085 Y = 8.5

 

 

The solution

     0.085 X + 0.44 Y   =  23                         Original equation (1)

    0.085 X + 0.085 Y  =  8.5                        Dummy equation (3)                

                   0.355 Y  = 14.5

 

Y = 40.85 kg of 44 % protein supplement per 100 kg feed or 40.85%

 

The balance of 100 kg is for corn which also can be extracted through substituting our newly acquired value for Y in the original equation.

b- Simultaneous equations for two nutrients:

   CP equation:                           0.085 X + 0.44 Y =23

   MEn equation:                         3.350 X +2.230 Y=320 (MEn in 100 g)

 

If we compare the coefficients for the corn (X) in both equations, we derive an adjustment factor of 39.41(3.35 ÷ 0.085) which is needed to balance the two equations. 

Thus if we multiply the CP equation by 39.41, the X terms will cancel out after subtracting two equations as follows:

            3.35X + 17.34 Y = 906.43

            3.35X +   2.23 Y = 320.00

            ____________________

                        15.11  Y  = 586.43

                                   Y = 38.81

By substitution in either equations we find X to be 69.69. In this method X could not be considered the balance of 100 as the sum of X and Y may be less or more than 100.

In this case X + Y=38.81 + 69.69 =108.5 a value more than 100 units, and needs to be reduced to less than 100 with the consideration of the mineral supplements added. So simultaneous equations method is only valid for two nutrients like Ca and P with absolute amounts for the supplements used and unlimited or not restricted. Also it is suitable for animals fed in separate amounts. The method makes a mixture from corn and soybean meal having CP and MEn with the same C/P ratio but not limited to be included in 100 units. Otherwise one nutrient can only be satisfied using one equation and reserving the other to be 'dummy' limiting the two ingredients to be in two proportions on percentage - basis.

Aid tables

The mathematical procedures in ration formulation started with calculating the amounts of supplements needed by dividing the needed nutrient by the percentage of the nutrient in the supplement. This is followed by applying the simultaneous or the modified square method to compute the ingredients proportions. Then the amounts of the amino acids content are needed to be estimated in order to get the amino acids needed to be supplemented.

The aid tables were designed to save most or all of the time spent in mathematics and resulted in diets either having the same C/P ratio as in the simultaneous substitute method or in addition could be corrected to achieve the optimal levels of ME and CP as in simultaneous and modified square methods.

The aid tables established in this paper can be divided into four groups, the first group (5 tables) shows the chemical composition of different amounts of the commonly used feeds, corn, soybean meal, wheat bran, and fish meal. The amounts in each feed differs according to its rate of use as an ingredient in the diet mixture. The second group of aid tables (4 in number) is that of Ca, P and Na supplements.

The third group of tables (2 in number) is the C/P ratio – corn/soya mixtures and composition, one table with soybean meal 44% CP and other with the 48.5% level. The tables started with a C/P ratio of 100 and ended with 300, a range sufficient to cover all poultry diets from turkey starter (100) to turkey breeder – holding ration (240). The rest of ratios from 240 to 300 is to cover ranges resulted from the relation of energies to remained proteins after subtracting the sharing of a high – protein feed as fish meal for example.

 The fourth group of tables (4 in number) is for mixtures of fat and soybean meal, with the same corn CP % in two tables and the same corn energy in the others.

1- Energy and protein feeds aid tables (group I)

            Tables (1 to 5) show the analysis of corn, soybean meal, fish meal and wheat bran for metabolizable energy, crude protein, methionine, methionine - and - cystine and lysine amounts varying from 30 to 100 in corn, 10 to 50 in soybean meal of 44% and 48.5% CP,         1 to 10 in fish meal and 2 to 30 in bran. Corn and soybean meal are the main standard feeds for energy and protein, fish meal to supplement protein quantity and quality, while bran is to be piled in the slack space to supply fibers and the least amount of energy or crude protein.

2- Calcium, phosphorus, and sodium supplements did tables    (group II)

Four tables (6 to 9) were established, providing the amount of the supplement needed for a given amount of nutrient, the first two for P needs and its equivalence from the two standard and available supplements, the dicalcium - and monocalcium - phosphate and the last two tables are for Ca and Na and its supplements limestone and common salt, respectively. The P tables started with 0.1% level as the smallest amount needed to be supplemented in a diet containing a large amount of fish meal, for example, or any other feed rich in available phosphorus, and ended with 0.65 on maximum. The Ca table started with 0.1% and ended with 4% while Na started with 0.1 and ended with 0.2. The tables allow for hand formulation readily - calculated supplements, to the nearest 0.01 in P and Na and 0.1 in Ca and amounts were chosen on the allowance-side more than requirement one.

3- C/P ratio – based corn/soya mixtures aid tables (group III) 

To extract these tables (10 & 11) simultaneous equations were substituted by an equation built up on the basis of C/P ratios and the proposition of certain nutrient densities in the two main and standard feeds corn and soybean meal with reference to NRC (1994):

a-The CP % of corn is considered 8.5 while two levels are used in soybean meal, 44 and 48.5.

b-The content for the amino acids Met, Met + Cys and Lys are estimated using the regression analysis (NRC, 1994) in which the intercept (a) and the regression coefficient (b) differ according the protein content.

c-The energy content of corn (8.5% CP) in NRC is 3350 kcal, MEn/kg and of the soybean meal, 44 and 48.5% CP, is 2230 and 2440, respectively.

d-The calorie-protein or energy-protein ratio is the number of energy units in kg divided by the percent of crude protein in the mixture.

The equation created in this paper depends upon the substitution rate between the two feeds and effect on C/P ratio as follows:

                                    3350                                                   

     C/P ratio of corn = -------  = 394.12

                        8.5                                                               

Substituting 1% of corn by soybean meal will change the C/P ratio from 394.12 to 377.05 as follows:

                                                                             3350 – [(3350 – 2230) ÷ 100]

99% corn and 1 % soybean – mixture =---------------------------------    = 377.05

                                                              8.5 + [(44 - 8.5) ÷ 100]

Considering the following symbols:

 

MEn of corn = A              MEn of SBM = B                         A – B = 1120

CP % of corn = a             CP % of SBM = b               b – a = 35.5

C/P ratio = C

Corn = Y                             SBM = X

                

  C =     A – [ ( A – B ) ÷ 100] X

              a + [ ( b – a ) ÷ 100] X         

 

By substituting the figures for energies and CP% the equation will be :                     

 

  C =           3350 - 11.2 X

                    8.5 + 0.355 X

 

8.5 C + 0.355 X C = 3350 - 11.2 X

 

So by substituting the first factor of C/P ratio in the equation the units of soybean meal included in the corn / soya mixture can be computed.

Corn or Y is the balance of 100. From the feeds proportions the CP and amino acids are calculated where they were included in the C/P ratio tables.

4- Fat / soya correction mixtures aid tables (group IV)

Fat is mixed with soybean meal to form a mixture having the same level of protein in corn (8.5%) and used to replace corn to correct the MEn of the diet (Tables 12 & 14). On the other hand soybean meal and fat are combined in a mixture having the MEn of corn and used to correct the crude protein (Tables 13 & 15). Square method is the method used to determine each’s proportion.  As fats differ in its MEn according to its type or blend the tables started with a fat of 5000 MEn/kg and ended with 10000. Using these mixtures allows diet formulation applying the simple square method forming a corn/soya mixture having the optimal CP% or the MEn density.

How to use the aid tables in formulation:

I- Using the "Pearson” square method:     

1- Of the eleven items needed to be satisfied in diet formulation, the mineral and vitamin premix or premixes, additives, and the amino acids methionine and lysine supplementations are added in amounts per ton after diet formulation and before mixing.

  2- The Ca, P and Na needs are added in the form of its supplements, on percentage-basis, using the respective conversion tables.  In case of adding protein of animal origin the Ca, P and Na supplements should be reduced in amounts equivalent to that supplied by the animal protein.  The following example is to formulate a broiler starter diet.

 Tabulated needs:

  MEn, Kcal/kg              3200                   Av. P, %                    0.45

 CP, %                               23                   Ca, %                        1.0

 Lys, %                                1.1                Na, %                        0.20

 Met, %                               0.5                C/P ratio                139.13

 Met + Cys, %                     0.9 

 Mineral supplements using the mineral conversion tables:

The need for available phosphorous is equivalent to 2.41 dicalcium phosphate which contains 0.529 Ca. The remaining amount of Ca needed equals 0.471 (1 - 0.529) and is equivalent to 1.32 LS. The need of 0.2% Na can be satisfied by the addition of 0.51 % salt.

Total mineral supplements added in percentages is 2.41 + 1.32 + 0.51 = 4.24 and the balance of 100 units is 95.76. So the CP needed is  23 ÷ 0.9576 = 24.02% and  MEn = 3200 ÷ 0.9576 = 3341.7  kcal /kg

 3-Satisfying the energy and protein using "Pearson" square method:

Solve the equation by using the square method to combine corn with soybean meal and satisfying the first item CP or the second MEn.

 

 

Corn   8.5            19.98= 56.28% reduced by multiplying by 0.9576 to be           

 

                                      included in a mixture containing supplements, so  

                   24.02          equals   53.89

                       

 

SBM   44            15.52= 43.72 % reduced by multiplying by 0.9576 to 41.87   

          35.5                                             

 

MEn of the mixture = (3350 × 0.5389) + (2230 × 0.4187) = 2739.02 with a deficient of (3200 – 2739.02) 460.98 kcal.

4- Energy correction using the fat /soya mixture (8.5% CP):

By reference to table12 supplementation by fat/soya mix with 8.5% CP and 7288.6 MEn, it needs:

   

 

    460.98 ÷ (7288.6 -3350) × 100 = 11.7

    Corn = 53.89 - 11.7                                          = 42.19

    Soybean meal  = 41.87 + (11.7 × 0.19 32)        = 44.13

    Fat = 11.7 × 0.8068                                          = 9.44

    Supplements                                                      =   4.24

                                                                                  100

By using the fat/soya tables the square method could be used and balancing two nutrients, and achieving the optimal nutrient level.

II- Using the simultaneous equations substitute tables:    

The equation substituting deriving of simultaneous equations is worked out on the computer, translated in the form of a table with 8 columns. The first column is for energy-protein ratio starting by 100 and ending with 300, while the second and third columns are the corn and soybean meal ingredients of the mix, expressed in percentage. Referring to table 9-4 (NRC, 1994) for the AAs, the amounts of Met, Met + Cys & Lys in 100 units of the mixtures are calculated. The table was established for a soybean meal of 44% CP and repeated for soybean meal of 48.5 % CP.

An example to use, the corrected energy in kcal/kg is divided by the corrected CP% to get the C/P ratio, from the simultaneous substitute aid tables the proportions of corn and soybean meal are picked and amounts reduced to occupy the balance of 100 after adding the mineral supplements. The equivalent amounts of energy and CP% in the corrected mixture are calculated where it could be supplemented using the fat/soya tables if conditions allow the addition of fat, otherwise the mixture is fed as it is just satisfying the C/P ratio and levels of energy and CP as low as corn and soybean meal supply even diluted by mineral supplements.

Introduction of fish meal or / wheat bran:

When fish is going to be used its content from energy, crude protein, amino acids and minerals should be considered. The fish nutrients are subtracted from the bird requirements and fish meal space added to the supplements. Corn and soybean meal will occupy the balance of 100.

Bran is added to diets low in energy density. When the proportions of corn and soybean meal are extracted from the C/P ratio tables, they should be reduced to the degree of needed energy satisfaction and the slack space resulted filled with bran according to a certain rule. The following is an example.

   

     MEn needed 2900 kcal/kg

    CP% needed 12%

    C/P ratio needed  241.7

 

Proportions and nutrient content in aid table corrected for 241.7

     Corn          Soybean meal          MEn            CP%

     87.75               12.25               3238.5          13.4

Proportions and nutrient content after supplements addition (say 4%)

      Corn          Soybean meal          MEn            CP%

     84.24               11.76               3109.0          12.86

The energy is needed to be reduced by 209 kcal (3109 – 2900) and crude protein by 0.86% (12.86 – 12).

The amount of corn and soybean meal should be reduced by 0.933 (12 ÷ 12.86) to

     Corn          Soybean meal          MEn            CP%

     78.60               10.97               2900            12.00

The slack space  = 96 × (1 – 0.933) = 6.43

To occupy the slack space by a feed without changing the density of energy or percentage of crude protein, the bran is introduced at the rate of 1½ slack space and soybean meal is removed at ½ of it.

     Amount of bran added                             MEn               CP%

               6.43 × 1.5         =  9.645  having   125.4                1.5

   Amount of soybean removed                   MEn                CP%

               6.43 × 0.5         = 3.215 having     71.8                  1.4 

By using this rule we fill the original slack space which did not greatly change the CP% but slightly increased the MEn, than optimal, by about 50 kcal in this example, changing the C/P ratio from that needed 141.7 (2900 ÷ 12) to 144.1 (2953.6 ÷ 12.1), a difference can be neglected.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                  References             

 

Cheeke, P.R. (2005): Applied Animal Nutrition. Feeds and Feeding. 3rd rev. ed. New Jersey.  Pearson Prentice Hall.

Jerry, D.C. (2004): Feed formulation chapter vii in Feed Reference Standard. 2nd rev. ed. (http://www.Pcarrd.dost.gov.ph).

Matthew, O.A. and Moji, A. (2008): Nigeria oriented poultry feed formulation software requirements. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 4 (11): 1596-1602.

National Research Council. (1985): Nutrient Requirements of Sheep.  6th rev .ed. Washington. D.C. : National Academy Press.

National Research Council. (1994): Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev .ed. Washington. D.C. : National Academy Press.

Pond, W.G.; Church, D.C. and Pond, K.R. (1995): Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. 4th  rev. ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Samar, S.T.; Abdel-Hafeez, H.M. and Elham, S.E. (1991): Effect of feeding regimes for broiler chickens on growth performance. M.V.SC. Thesis. Faculty of Vet. Med. Beni Suef. Cairo University .

Talat, N.P. (2004): Least – cost formulation for poultry in Winfeed.      © Copyright 1997- 2004. Winfeed Cambridge, U. K.

 

 

      

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1: Approximated chemical composition of corn for amounts

               starting at 30 with 5 intervals to 100 units.

 

Amonut*
MEn (kcal)
CP

Met

Met + Cys

Lys

30

1005.0

2.550

0.054

0.108

0.078

35

1172.5

2.975

0.063

0.126

0.091

40

1340.0

3.400

0.072

0.144

0.104

45

1507.5

3.825

0.081

0.162

0.117

50

1675.0

4.250

0.090

0.180

0.130

55

1842.5

4.675

0.099

0.198

0.143

60

2010.0

5.100

0.108

0.216

0.156

65

2177.5

5.525

0.117

0.234

0.169

70

2345.0

5.950

0.126

0.252

0.182

75

2512.5

6.375

0.135

0.270

0.195

80

2680.0

6.800

0.144

0.288

0.208

85

2847.5

7.225

0.153

0.306

0.221

90

3015.0

7.650

0.162

0.324

0.234

95

3182.5

8.075

0.171

0.342

0.247

100

3350.0

8.500

0.180

0.360

0.260

 

* The figures are decimal fractions of one kg for energy while for the protein and amino acids they are in percentage units.

- Each 0.05 kg adds 167.5 kcal while every 5% units add 0.425 CP, 0.009 Met, 0.018   Met+Cys, and 0.013Lys.

 

Table 2: Approximated chemical composition of soybean meal (44%CP) for amounts starting at 10 with 2 intervals to 50 units.

 

 

Amount*

Men (kcal)
CP

Met

Met + Cys

Lys

10

223.0

  4.40

0.062

0.128

0.269

12

267.6

  5.28

0.074

0.154

0.323

14

312.2

  6.16

0.087

0.179

0.377

16

356.8

  7.04

0.099

0.205

0.430

18

401.4

  7.92

0.112

0.230

0.484

20

446.0

  8.80

0.124

0.256

0.538

22

490.6

  9.68

0.136

0.282

0.592

24

535.2

10.56

0.149

0.307

0.646

26

579.8

11.44

0.161

0.333

0.699

28

624.4

12.32

0.174

0.358

0.753

30

669.0

13.20

0.186

0.384

0.807

32

713.6

14.08

0.198

0.410

0.861

34

758.2

14.96

0.211

0.435

0.915

36

802.2

15.84

0.223

0.461

0.968

38

847.4

16.72

0.236

0.486

1.022

40

892.0

17.60

0.248

0.512

1.076

42

936.6

18.48

0.260

0.538

1.130

44

981.2

19.36

0.273

0.563

1.184

46

1025.8

20.24

0.285

0.589

1.237

48

1070.4

21.12

0.298

0.614

1.291

50

1115.0

22.00

0.310

0.640

1.345

 

* The figures are decimal fractions of one kg for energy while for the protein and amino acids they are in percentage units.

- Each 0.02 kg adds 44.6 kcal while every 2% units add 0.88 CP, 0.0124 Met, 0 .0256 Met+ Cys, and  0.0538 Lys.

Table 3: Approximated chemical composition of soybean meal              (48.5%CP) for amounts starting at 10 with 2 intervals to 50 units

 

Amount*

 

MEn

(kcal)

CP

 

Met

 

Met+Cys

 

Lys

 

10

244.0

4.85

0.067

0.139

0.296

12

292.8

5.82

0.080

0.167

0.355

14

341.6

6.79

0.094

0.195

0.414

16

390.4

7.76

0.107

0.222

0.474

18

439.2

8.73

0.121

0.250

0.533

20

488.0

9.70

0.134

0.278

0.592

22

536.8

10.67

0.147

0.306

0.651

24

585.6

11.64

0.161

0.334

0.710

26

634.4

12.61

0.174

0.361

0.770

28

683.2

13.58

0.188

0.389

0.829

30

732.0

14.55

0.201

0.417

0.888

32

780.8

15.52

0.214

0.445

0.947

34

829.6

16.49

0.228

0.473

1.006

36

878.4

17.46

0.241

0.500

1.066

38

927.2

18.43

0.255

0.528

1.125

40

976.0

19.40

0.268

0.556

1.184

42

1024.8

20.37

0.281

0.584

1.243

44

1073.6

21.34

0.295

0.612

1.302

46

1122.4

22.31

0.308

0.639

1.362

48

1171.2

23.28

0.322

0.667

1.421

50

1220.0

24.25

0.335

0.695

1.480

 

 * The figures are decimal fractions of one kg for energy while for the protein and amino acids they are in percentage units.

 - Each 0.02 kg adds 48.8 kcal while every 2% units add 0.97CP, 0.0134 Met,              0 .0278 Met+ Cys, and 0.0592 Lys.

 

Table 4: Approximated chemical composition of fish meal, herring, for amounts starting at 1.0 with 1.0 intervals to 10 units.

 

Amount*

 
Men(kcal)
CP

Met

Met + Cys

Lys

1

3.19

0.723

0.022

0.029

0.055

2

6.38

1.446

0.043

0.058

0.109

3

9.57

2.169

0.065

0.086

0.164

4

12.76

2.892

0.086

0.115

0.219

5

15.95

3.615

0.108

0.144

0.274

6

19.14

4.338

0.130

0.173

0.328

7

22.33

5.061

0.151

0.202

0.383

8

25.52

5.784

0.173

0.230

0.438

9

28.71

6.507

0.194

0.259

0.492

10

31.90

7.230

0.216

0.288

0.547

 

* The figures are decimal fractions of one kg for energy while for the protein and amino acids they are in percentage units.

 - Each 0.01 kg adds 31.9 kcal while every 1% unit adds 0.723CP, 0.0216 Met,                            0 .0288 Met+ Cys, and 0.0547 Lys.

 

Table 5: Approximated chemical composition of wheat bran for                         amounts starting at 2 with 2 intervals to 30 units.

 

Amount*

 

Men (kcal)

 
CP

 

Met

 
Met + Cys

 

Lys

 

2

26

0.314

0.005

0.011

0.011

4

52

0.628

0.009

0.022

0.022

6

78

0.942

0.014

0.033

0.033

8

104

1.256

0.018

0.044

0.044

10

130

1.570

0.023

0.055

0.055

12

156

1.884

0.028

0.066

0.066

14

182

2.198

0.032

0.077

0.077

16

208

2.512

0.037

0.088

0.088

18

234

2.826

0.041

0.099

0.099

20

260

3.140

0.046

0.110

0.110

22

286

3.454

0.051

0.121

0.121

24

312

3.768

0.055

0.132

0.132

26

338

4.082

0.060

0.143

0.143

28

364

4.396

0.064

0.154

0.154

30

390

4.710

0.069

0.165

0.165

 

* The figures are decimal fractions of one kg for energy while for the protein and  amino acids they are in percentage units.

 - Each 0.02 kg adds 26 kcal while every 2% units add 0.314CP, 0.0046 Met, 0 .0110 Met+ Cys, and 0.0122 Lys

 

Table 6: Phosphorous and calcium content of monocalcium phosphate for amounts starting at 0.1 with 0.01 intervals to 0.65 unit of available phosphorous

Available

phosphorous

 

Supplement

 

Calcium

Content

 

Available

phosphorous

 

Supplement

 

Calcium

content

       0.10

0.463

0.076

0.38

1.759

0.289

0.11

0.509

0.084

0.39

1.806

0.296

0.12

0.556

0.091

0.40

1.852

0.304

0.13

0.602

0.099

0.41

1.898

0.312

0.14

0.648

0.106

0.42

1.944

0.319

0.15

0.695

0.114

0.43

1.991

0.327

0.16

0.741

0.122

0.44

2.037

0.334

0.17

0.787

0.129

0.45

2.083

0.342

0.18

0.833

0.137

0.46

2.130

0.350

0.19

0.880

0.144

0.47

2.176

0.357

0.20

0.926

0.152

0.48

2.222

0.365

0.21

0.972

0.160

0.49

2.269

0.372

0.22

1.019

0.167

0.50

2.315

0.380

0.23

1.065

0.175

0.51

2.361

0.388

0.24

1.111

0.182

0.52

2.407

0.395

0.25

1.158

0.190

0.53

2.454

0.403

0.26

1.204

0.198

0.54

2.500

0.410

0.27

1.250

0.205

0.55

2.546

0.418

0.28

1.296

0.213

0.56

2.593

0.426

0.29

1.343

0.220

0.57

2.639

0.433

0.30

1.389

0.228

0.58

2.685

0.441

0.31

1.435

0.236

0.59

2.732

0.448

0.32

1.482

0.243

0.60

2.778

0.456

0.33

1.528

0.251

0.61

2.824

0.464

0.34

1.574

0.258

0.62

2.870

0.471

0.35

1.621

0.266

0.63

2.917

0.479

0.36

1.667

0.274

0.64

2.963

0.486

0.37

1.713

0.281

0.65

3.009

0.494

 

- Monocalcium phosphate contains 16.4% Ca and 21.6% P (NRC, 1994 for sheep).

- Each 0.01unit available phosphorous needed equals the addition of about 0.0463 unit                                                                                                                      

   monocalcium phosphate which consequently adds about 0.0076 unit Ca.

 

Table 7: Phosphorous and calcium content of dicalcium phosphate for amounts starting at 0.1 with 0.01 intervals to 0.65 unit available phosphorous

 

 

Available

phosphorous

Supplement

Calcium

content

0.38

2.033

0.448

0.39

2.087

0.460

0.40

2.140

0.472

0.41

2.194

0.484

0.42

2.247

0.495

0.43

2.301

0.507

0.44

2.354

0.519

0.45

2.408

0.531

0.46

2.461

0.543

0.47

2.515

0.553

0.48

2.568

0.566

0.49

2.622

0.578

0.50

2.675

0.590

0.51

2.729

0.602

0.52

2.782

0.613

0.53

2.836

0.625

0.54

2.889

0.637

0.55

2.943

0.649

0.56

2.996

0.661

0.57

3.050

0.672

0.58

3.103

0.684

0.59

3.157

0.696

0.60

3.210

0.708

0.61

3.264

0.720

0.62

3.317

0.731

0.63

3.371

0.743

0.64

3.424

0.755

0.65

3.478

0.767

 

 

 

Available

Phosphorous
Supplement

Calcium

content

0.10

0.535

0.118

0.11

0.589

0.130

0.12

0.642

0.141

0.13

0.696

0.153

0.14

0.749

0.165

0.15

0.803

0.177

0.16

0.856

0.189

0.17

0.910

0.200

0.18

0.963

0.212

0.19

1.017

0.224

0.20

1.070

0.236

0.21

1.124

0.248

0.22

1.177

0.259

0.23

1.231

0.271

0.24

1.284

0.283

0.25

1.338

0.295

0.26

1.391

0.307

0.27

1.445

0.318

0.28

1.498

0.330

0.29

1.552

0.342

0.30

1.605

0.354

0.31

1.659

0.366

0.32

1.712

0.377

0.33

1.766

0.389

0.34

1.819

0.401

0.35

1.873

0.413

0.36

1.926

0.425

0.37

1.980

0.436

 

 

-Dicalcium phosphate contains 22.0% Ca and 18.7% P (NRC, 1994 for poultry).

-Each 0.01unit available phosphorous needed equals the addition of about 0.0535 unit dicalcium phosphate which consequently adds about0.0118unit Ca.

 

 

 

Table 8: Calcium content of limestone for amounts starting at 0.1 with 0.1 intervals to 4.0 units.

 

 


Calcium

 needed

Supplement

2.1

5.527

2.2

5.790

2.3

6.054

2.4

6.317

2.5

6.580

2.6

6.843

2.7

7.106

2.8

7.370

2.9

7.633

3.0

7.896

3.1

8.159

3.2

8.422

3.3

8.686

3.4

8.949

3.5

9.212

3.6

9.475

3.7

9.738

3.8

10.002

3.9

10.265

4.0

10.528

Calcium

 Needed

Supplement

0.1

0.263

0.2

0.526

0.3

0.790

0.4

1.053

0.5

1.316

0.6

1.579

0.7

1.842

0.8

2.106

0.9

2.369

1.0

2.632

1.1

2.895

1.2

3.158

1.3

3.422

1.4

3.685

1.5

3.948

1.6

4.211

1.7

4.474

1.8

4.738

1.9

5.001

2.0

5.264


 

- Limestone contains 38% Ca (NRC, 1994 for poultry).

- Each 0.1% Ca needed equals the addition of about 0.2632 limestone.

 

Table 9: Sodium content of common salt for amounts starting at 0.1          with 0. 01 intervals to 0.2 unit

 

Sodium

Supplement

 

0.10

0.256

0.11

0.282

0.12

0.308

0.13

0.333

0.14

0.359

0.15

0.384
Sodium

Supplement

 

0.16

0.410

0.17

0.436

0.18

0.461

0.19

0.487

0.20

0.512

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

         - Common  salt contains 39% Na (NRC, 1994 for poultry).

 - Each 0.01% Na added equals the addition of about 0.0256% common salt.

 

Table 10: Corn and soya (44%CP) proportions in mixtures with different C/ P ratios starting at 100 with 5 intervals to 300.
 

C/P ratio

C1

(%)

S1

(%)

MEn1

(kcal/kg)

CP1

(%)

Met1

(%)

Met+Cys1 (%)

Lys1

(%)

100

46.467

53.533

2750.4

27.504

0.416

0.853

1.561

105

49.304

50.696

2782.2

26.497

0.403

0.826

1.492

110

51.940

48.060

2811.7

25.561

0.391

0.802

1.428

115

54.397

45.603

2839.2

24.689

0.381

0.780

1.368

120

56.691

43.309

2864.9

23.875

0.371

0.758

1.312

125

58.839

41.161

2889.0

23.112

0.361

0.739

1.260

130

60.854

39.146

2911.6

22.397

0.352

0.720

1.211

135

62.748

37.252

2932.8

21.724

0.344

0.703

1.165

140

64.532

35.468

2952.8

21.091

0.336

0.686

1.122

145

66.215

33.785

2971.6

20.494

0.329

0.671

1.081

150

67.804

32.196

2989.4

19.929

0.322

0.656

1.042

155

69.309

30.691

3006.3

19.395

0.315

0.642

1.006

160

70.735

29.265

3022.2

18.889

0.309

0.629

0.971

165

72.089

27.911

3037.4

18.408

0.303

0.617

0.938

170

73.375

26.625

3051.8

17.952

0.297

0.605

0.907

175

74.599

25.401

3065.5

17.517

0.292

0.594

0.877

180

75.766

24.234

3078.6

17.103

0.287

0.583

0.849

185

76.878

23.122

3091.0

16.708

0.282

0.573

0.822

190

77.940

22.060

3102.9

16.331

0.277

0.563

0.796

195

78.956

21.044

3114.3

15.971

0.273

0.554

0.771

200

79.927

20.073

3125.2

15.626

0.268

0.545

0.748

205

80.857

19.143

3135.6

15.296

0.264

0.536

0.725

210

81.749

18.251

3145.6

14.979

0.260

0.528

0.703

215

82.605

17.395

3155.2

14.675

0.257

0.520

0.683

220

83.427

16.573

3164.4

14.384

0.253

0.512

0.663

225

84.216

15.784

3173.2

14.103

0.249

0.505

0.644

230

84.976

15.024

3181.7

13.834

0.246

0.498

0.625

235

85.707

14.293

3189.9

13.574

0.243

0.491

0.607

240

86.411

13.589

3197.8

13.324

0.240

0.485

0.590

245

87.089

12.911

3205.4

13.083

0.237

0.479

0.574

250

87.744

12.256

3212.7

12.851

0.234

0.473

0.558

255

88.376

11.624

3219.8

12.627

0.231

0.467

0.542

260

88.986

11.014

3226.6

12.410

0.228

0.461

0.528

265

89.575

10.425

3233.2

12.201

0.226

0.456

0.513

270

90.145

9.855

3239.6

11.999

0.223

0.451

0.499

275

90.696

9.304

3245.8

11.803

0.221

0.446

0.486

280

91.230

8.770

3251.8

11.613

0.219

0.441

0.473

285

91.746

8.254

3257.6

11.430

0.216

0.436

0.461

290

92.247

7.753

3263.2

11.252

0.214

0.431

0.448

295

92.732

7.268

3268.6

11.080

0.212

0.427

0.437

300

93.203

6.797

3273.9

10.913

0.210

0.423

0.425

 

- C1 is yellow corn and S1 is soybean oil meal.

- MEn, CP and AA content of the two ingredients are according to NRC (1994) feed analysis tables.

 

 

 

 

Table 11: Corn and soya (48.5%CP) proportions in mixtures with different C/ P ratios starting at 100 with 5 intervals to 300.

   

C/P

ratio

C 2

(%)

S2

(%)

MEn2

(kcal/kg)

CP2

(%)

 

Met2

(%)

Met+Cys2

(%)

Lys2

(%)

100

49.084

50.916

2886.7

28.867

0.429

0.884

1.635

105

51.908

48.092

2912.4

27.737

0.416

0.855

1.558

110

54.520

45.480

2936.1

26.692

0.403

0.828

1.488

115

56.942

43.058

2958.2

25.723

0.391

0.803

1.423

120

59.194

40.806

2978.7

24.822

0.380

0.780

1.362

125

61.294

38.706

2997.8

23.982

0.370

0.759

1.305

130

63.257

36.743

3015.6

23.197

0.360

0.738

1.252

135

65.095

34.905

3032.4

22.462

0.351

0.720

1.202

140

66.820

33.180

3048.1

21.772

0.343

0.702

1.156

145

68.443

31.557

3062.8

21.123

0.335

0.685

1.112

150

69.971

30.029

3076.7

20.512

0.327

0.669

1.071

155

71.414

28.586

3089.9

19.935

0.320

0.654

1.032

160

72.777

27.223

3102.3

19.389

0.313

0.640

0.995

165

74.068

25.932

3114.0

18.873

0.307

0.627

0.960

170

75.292

24.708

3125.2

18.383

0.301

0.614

0.927

175

76.454

23.546

3135.7

17.918

0.295

0.603

0.896

180

77.559

22.441

3145.8

17.477

0.290

0.591

0.866

185

78.610

21.390

3155.4

17.056

0.285

0.580

0.838

190

79.612

20.388

3164.5

16.655

0.280

0.570

0.810

195

80.568

19.432

3173.2

16.273

0.275

0.560

0.785

200

81.481

18.519

3181.5

15.907

0.271

0.551

0.760

205

82.355

17.645

3189.4

15.558

0.266

0.542

0.736

210

83.190

16.810

3197.0

15.224

0.262

0.533

0.714

215

83.991

16.009

3204.3

14.904

0.258

0.525

0.692

220

84.758

15.242

3211.3

14.597

0.255

0.517

0.672

225

85.494

14.506

3218.0

14.302

0.251

0.509

0.652

230

86.202

13.798

3224.4

14.019

0.248

0.502

0.633

235

86.882

13.118

3230.6

13.747

0.244

0.495

0.614

240

87.536

12.464

3236.6

13.486

0.241

0.488

0.597

245

88.165

11.835

3242.3

13.234

0.238

0.482

0.580

250

88.772

11.228

3247.8

12.991

0.235

0.476

0.563

255

89.356

10.644

3253.1

12.757

0.232

0.470

0.547

260

89.920

10.080

3258.3

12.532

0.229

0.464

0.532

265

90.465

9.535

3263.2

12.314

0.227

0.458

0.517

270

90.991

9.009

3268.0

12.104

0.224

0.453

0.503

275

91.499

8.501

3272.6

11.901

0.222

0.448

0.490

280

91.990

8.010

3277.1

11.704

0.219

0.443

0.476

285

92.465

7.535

3281.4

11.514

0.217

0.438

0.463

290

92.926

7.074

3285.6

11.330

0.215

0.433

0.451

295

93.371

6.629

3289.7

11.151

0.212

0.428

0.439

300

93.803

6.197

3293.6

10.979

0.210

0.423

0.427

 

- C2 is yellow corn and S2 is soybean oil meal.

- MEn, CP and AA content of the two ingredients are according to NRC (1994) feed analysis tables.

 

 

 

 

Table 12: Fat / soya mixtures containing the same level of protein in corn (8.5 %) starting at fat of 5000 kcal, MEn/kg with 500 intervals to 10000 units.

 

MEn in fat

used
% of fat in
mixtures

 

Fat ingredient, MEn

 
% of soya  in mixtures

Soya meal, MEn

Mixtures,

MEn

Mix/corn

difference

5000

80.68

4034.0

19.32

430.8

4464.8

 114.8

5500

 

4437.4

 

 

4868.2

1518.2

6000

 

4840.8

 

 

5271.6

1921.6

6500

 

5244.2

 

 

5675.0

2325.0

7000

 

5647.6

 

 

6078.4

2728.4

7500

 

6051.0

 

 

6481.8

3131.8

8000

 

6454.4

 

 

6885.2

3535.2

8500

 

6857.8

 

 

7288.6

3938.6

9000

 

7261.2

 

 

7692.0

4342.0

9500

 

7664.6

 

 

8095.4

4745.4

10000

 

8068.0

 

 

8498.8

5148.8

 

- Soybean meal, MEn = 2230 kcal/kg and CP% = 44 (NRC, 1994 for poultry).

 

Table 13: Soya / fat mixtures containing the same level of energy in corn (3350 kcal) starting with fat of 5000 kcal, MEn/kg with 500 intervals to 10000 units

 

MEn in fat

used
Fat/soya*
difference

Fat/corn ▫

difference
Soya %

Fat %

Crude protein %

5000

2770

1650

59.57

40.43

26.21

5500

3270

2150

65.75

34.25

28.93

6000

3770

2650

70.29

29.71

30.93

6500

4270

3150

73.77

26.23

32.46

7000

4770

3650

76.52

23.48

33.67

7500

5270

4150

78.75

21.25

34.65

8000

5770

4650

80.59

19.41

35.46

8500

6270

5150

82.14

17.86

36.14

9000

6770

5650

83.46

16.54

36.72

9500

7270

6150

84.59

15.41

37.22

10000

7770

6650

85.59

14.41

37.66

 

- Soybean meal, MEn = 2230 kcal/kg and CP% = 44.

* The difference between fat and soybean meal energy on the left side of square in the square method.

▫ The difference between the energy of fat on the upper left side and corn energy in the center of the square.

 

 

Table 14: Fat / soya mixtures containing the same level of protein in corn (8.5 %) starting with fat of 5000 kcal, MEn/kg with 500 intervals to10000 units

 

MEn in fat used

% of fat

in

mixtures

 

Fat ingredient

Men

% of soya

in mixtures

Soya meal

 MEn

Mixture,

MEn

Mix/corn

Difference

5000

82.47

4123.5

17.53

427.8

4551.3

1201.3

5500

 

4535.9

 

 

4535.9

1185.9

6000

 

4948.2

 

 

4948.2

1598.2

6500

 

5360.6

 

 

5360.6

2010.6

7000

 

5772.9

 

 

5772.9

2422.9

7500

 

6185.3

 

 

6185.3

2835.3

8000

 

6597.6

 

 

6597.6

3247.6

8500

 

7010.0

 

 

7010.0

3660.0

9000

 

7422.3

 

 

7422.3

4072.3

9500

 

7834.7

 

 

7834.7

4484.7

10000

 

8247.0

 

 

8247.0

4897.0

 

     - Soybean meal, MEn = 2440 kcal/kg and CP% = 48.5 (NRC ,1994 for poultry).

 

Table 15: Soya / fat mixtures containing the same level of energy in corn (3350 kcal) starting with fat of 5000 kcal, MEn/kg with 500 intervals to 10000 units

 

MEn in fat

used
Fat/soya*
difference

Fat/corn ▫

difference
Soya %

Fat %

Crude protein %

5000

2560

1650

64.45

35.55

31.26

5500

3060

2150

70.26

29.74

34.08

6000

3560

2650

74.44

25.56

36.10

6500

4060

3150

77.59

22.41

37.63

7000

4560

3650

80.04

19.96

38.82

7500

5060

4150

82.02

17.98

39.78

8000

5560

4650

83.63

16.37

40.56

8500

6060

5150

84.98

15.02

41.22

9000

6560

5650

86.13

13.87

41.77

9500

7060

6150

87.11

12.89

42.25

10000

7560

6650

87.96

12.04

42.66

 

- Soybean meal, MEn = 2440 kcal/kg and CP% = 48.5.

* The difference between fat and soybean meal energy on the left side of square in the square method.

▫ The difference between the energy of fat on the upper left side and corn energy in the center of the square.

 


 

References

Cheeke, P.R. (2005): Applied Animal Nutrition. Feeds and Feeding. 3rd rev. ed. New Jersey.  Pearson Prentice Hall.
Jerry, D.C. (2004): Feed formulation chapter vii in Feed Reference Standard. 2nd rev. ed. (http://www.Pcarrd.dost.gov.ph).
Matthew, O.A. and Moji, A. (2008): Nigeria oriented poultry feed formulation software requirements. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 4 (11): 1596-1602.
National Research Council. (1985): Nutrient Requirements of Sheep.  6th rev .ed. Washington. D.C. : National Academy Press.
National Research Council. (1994): Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev .ed. Washington. D.C. : National Academy Press.
Pond, W.G.; Church, D.C. and Pond, K.R. (1995): Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. 4th  rev. ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Samar, S.T.; Abdel-Hafeez, H.M. and Elham, S.E. (1991): Effect of feeding regimes for broiler chickens on growth performance. M.V.SC. Thesis. Faculty of Vet. Med. Beni Suef. Cairo University .
Talat, N.P. (2004): Least – cost formulation for poultry in Winfeed.      © Copyright 1997- 2004. Winfeed Cambridge, U. K.
 
 
      
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1: Approximated chemical composition of corn for amounts
               starting at 30 with 5 intervals to 100 units.
 
Amonut*
MEn (kcal)
CP
Met
Met + Cys

Lys

30
1005.0
2.550
0.054
0.108
0.078
35
1172.5
2.975
0.063
0.126
0.091
40
1340.0
3.400
0.072
0.144
0.104
45
1507.5
3.825
0.081
0.162
0.117
50
1675.0
4.250
0.090
0.180
0.130
55
1842.5
4.675
0.099
0.198
0.143
60
2010.0
5.100
0.108
0.216
0.156
65
2177.5
5.525
0.117
0.234
0.169
70
2345.0
5.950
0.126
0.252
0.182
75
2512.5
6.375
0.135
0.270
0.195
80
2680.0
6.800
0.144
0.288
0.208
85
2847.5
7.225
0.153
0.306
0.221
90
3015.0
7.650
0.162
0.324
0.234
95
3182.5
8.075
0.171
0.342
0.247
100
3350.0
8.500
0.180
0.360
0.260
 
* The figures are decimal fractions of one kg for energy while for the protein and amino acids they are in percentage units.
- Each 0.05 kg adds 167.5 kcal while every 5% units add 0.425 CP, 0.009 Met, 0.018   Met+Cys, and 0.013Lys.
 
Table 2: Approximated chemical composition of soybean meal (44%CP) for amounts starting at 10 with 2 intervals to 50 units.
 
 
Amount*
Men (kcal)
CP
Met
Met + Cys

Lys

10
223.0
  4.40
0.062
0.128
0.269
12
267.6
  5.28
0.074
0.154
0.323
14
312.2
  6.16
0.087
0.179
0.377
16
356.8
  7.04
0.099
0.205
0.430
18
401.4
  7.92
0.112
0.230
0.484
20
446.0
  8.80
0.124
0.256
0.538
22
490.6
  9.68
0.136
0.282
0.592
24
535.2
10.56
0.149
0.307
0.646
26
579.8
11.44
0.161
0.333
0.699
28
624.4
12.32
0.174
0.358
0.753
30
669.0
13.20
0.186
0.384
0.807
32
713.6
14.08
0.198
0.410
0.861
34
758.2
14.96
0.211
0.435
0.915
36
802.2
15.84
0.223
0.461
0.968
38
847.4
16.72
0.236
0.486
1.022
40
892.0
17.60
0.248
0.512
1.076
42
936.6
18.48
0.260
0.538
1.130
44
981.2
19.36
0.273
0.563
1.184
46
1025.8
20.24
0.285
0.589
1.237
48
1070.4
21.12
0.298
0.614
1.291
50
1115.0
22.00
0.310
0.640
1.345
 
* The figures are decimal fractions of one kg for energy while for the protein and amino acids they are in percentage units.
- Each 0.02 kg adds 44.6 kcal while every 2% units add 0.88 CP, 0.0124 Met, 0 .0256 Met+ Cys, and  0.0538 Lys.
Table 3: Approximated chemical composition of soybean meal              (48.5%CP) for amounts starting at 10 with 2 intervals to 50 units
 
Amount*
 
MEn
(kcal)
CP
 
Met
 
Met+Cys
 
Lys
 
10
244.0
4.85
0.067
0.139
0.296
12
292.8
5.82
0.080
0.167
0.355
14
341.6
6.79
0.094
0.195
0.414
16
390.4
7.76
0.107
0.222
0.474
18
439.2
8.73
0.121
0.250
0.533
20
488.0
9.70
0.134
0.278
0.592
22
536.8
10.67
0.147
0.306
0.651
24
585.6
11.64
0.161
0.334
0.710
26
634.4
12.61
0.174
0.361
0.770
28
683.2
13.58
0.188
0.389
0.829
30
732.0
14.55
0.201
0.417
0.888
32
780.8
15.52
0.214
0.445
0.947
34
829.6
16.49
0.228
0.473
1.006
36
878.4
17.46
0.241
0.500
1.066
38
927.2
18.43
0.255
0.528
1.125
40
976.0
19.40
0.268
0.556
1.184
42
1024.8
20.37
0.281
0.584
1.243
44
1073.6
21.34
0.295
0.612
1.302
46
1122.4
22.31
0.308
0.639
1.362
48
1171.2
23.28
0.322
0.667
1.421
50
1220.0
24.25
0.335
0.695
1.480
 
 * The figures are decimal fractions of one kg for energy while for the protein and amino acids they are in percentage units.
 - Each 0.02 kg adds 48.8 kcal while every 2% units add 0.97CP, 0.0134 Met,              0 .0278 Met+ Cys, and 0.0592 Lys.
 
Table 4: Approximated chemical composition of fish meal, herring, for amounts starting at 1.0 with 1.0 intervals to 10 units.
 
Amount*
 
Men(kcal)
CP
Met
Met + Cys

Lys

1
3.19
0.723
0.022
0.029
0.055
2
6.38
1.446
0.043
0.058
0.109
3
9.57
2.169
0.065
0.086
0.164
4
12.76
2.892
0.086
0.115
0.219
5
15.95
3.615
0.108
0.144
0.274
6
19.14
4.338
0.130
0.173
0.328
7
22.33
5.061
0.151
0.202
0.383
8
25.52
5.784
0.173
0.230
0.438
9
28.71
6.507
0.194
0.259
0.492
10
31.90
7.230
0.216
0.288
0.547
 
* The figures are decimal fractions of one kg for energy while for the protein and amino acids they are in percentage units.
 - Each 0.01 kg adds 31.9 kcal while every 1% unit adds 0.723CP, 0.0216 Met,                            0 .0288 Met+ Cys, and 0.0547 Lys.
 
Table 5: Approximated chemical composition of wheat bran for                         amounts starting at 2 with 2 intervals to 30 units.
 
Amount*
 
Men (kcal)
 
CP
 
Met
 
Met + Cys
 
Lys
 
2
26
0.314
0.005
0.011
0.011
4
52
0.628
0.009
0.022
0.022
6
78
0.942
0.014
0.033
0.033
8
104
1.256
0.018
0.044
0.044
10
130
1.570
0.023
0.055
0.055
12
156
1.884
0.028
0.066
0.066
14
182
2.198
0.032
0.077
0.077
16
208
2.512
0.037
0.088
0.088
18
234
2.826
0.041
0.099
0.099
20
260
3.140
0.046
0.110
0.110
22
286
3.454
0.051
0.121
0.121
24
312
3.768
0.055
0.132
0.132
26
338
4.082
0.060
0.143
0.143
28
364
4.396
0.064
0.154
0.154
30
390
4.710
0.069
0.165
0.165
 
* The figures are decimal fractions of one kg for energy while for the protein and  amino acids they are in percentage units.
 - Each 0.02 kg adds 26 kcal while every 2% units add 0.314CP, 0.0046 Met, 0 .0110 Met+ Cys, and 0.0122 Lys
 

Table 6: Phosphorous and calcium content of monocalcium phosphate for amounts starting at 0.1 with 0.01 intervals to 0.65 unit of available phosphorous

Available
phosphorous
 
Supplement
 
Calcium
Content
 
Available
phosphorous
 

Supplement

 
Calcium
content
       0.10
0.463
0.076
0.38
1.759
0.289
0.11
0.509
0.084
0.39
1.806
0.296
0.12
0.556
0.091
0.40
1.852
0.304
0.13
0.602
0.099
0.41
1.898
0.312
0.14
0.648
0.106
0.42
1.944
0.319
0.15
0.695
0.114
0.43
1.991
0.327
0.16
0.741
0.122
0.44
2.037
0.334
0.17
0.787
0.129
0.45
2.083
0.342
0.18
0.833
0.137
0.46
2.130
0.350
0.19
0.880
0.144
0.47
2.176
0.357
0.20
0.926
0.152
0.48
2.222
0.365
0.21
0.972
0.160
0.49
2.269
0.372
0.22
1.019
0.167
0.50
2.315
0.380
0.23
1.065
0.175
0.51
2.361
0.388
0.24
1.111
0.182
0.52
2.407
0.395
0.25
1.158
0.190
0.53
2.454
0.403
0.26
1.204
0.198
0.54
2.500
0.410
0.27
1.250
0.205
0.55
2.546
0.418
0.28
1.296
0.213
0.56
2.593
0.426
0.29
1.343
0.220
0.57
2.639
0.433
0.30
1.389
0.228
0.58
2.685
0.441
0.31
1.435
0.236
0.59
2.732
0.448
0.32
1.482
0.243
0.60
2.778
0.456
0.33
1.528
0.251
0.61
2.824
0.464
0.34
1.574
0.258
0.62
2.870
0.471
0.35
1.621
0.266
0.63
2.917
0.479
0.36
1.667
0.274
0.64
2.963
0.486
0.37
1.713
0.281
0.65
3.009
0.494
 
- Monocalcium phosphate contains 16.4% Ca and 21.6% P (NRC, 1994 for sheep).
- Each 0.01unit available phosphorous needed equals the addition of about 0.0463 unit                                                                                                                      
   monocalcium phosphate which consequently adds about 0.0076 unit Ca.
 

Table 7: Phosphorous and calcium content of dicalcium phosphate for amounts starting at 0.1 with 0.01 intervals to 0.65 unit available phosphorous

 
 
Available
phosphorous
Supplement
Calcium
content
0.38
2.033
0.448
0.39
2.087
0.460
0.40
2.140
0.472
0.41
2.194
0.484
0.42
2.247
0.495
0.43
2.301
0.507
0.44
2.354
0.519
0.45
2.408
0.531
0.46
2.461
0.543
0.47
2.515
0.553
0.48
2.568
0.566
0.49
2.622
0.578
0.50
2.675
0.590
0.51
2.729
0.602
0.52
2.782
0.613
0.53
2.836
0.625
0.54
2.889
0.637
0.55
2.943
0.649
0.56
2.996
0.661
0.57
3.050
0.672
0.58
3.103
0.684
0.59
3.157
0.696
0.60
3.210
0.708
0.61
3.264
0.720
0.62
3.317
0.731
0.63
3.371
0.743
0.64
3.424
0.755
0.65
3.478
0.767
 
 
 
Available
Phosphorous
Supplement
Calcium
content
0.10
0.535
0.118
0.11
0.589
0.130
0.12
0.642
0.141
0.13
0.696
0.153
0.14
0.749
0.165
0.15
0.803
0.177
0.16
0.856
0.189
0.17
0.910
0.200
0.18
0.963
0.212
0.19
1.017
0.224
0.20
1.070
0.236
0.21
1.124
0.248
0.22
1.177
0.259
0.23
1.231
0.271
0.24
1.284
0.283
0.25
1.338
0.295
0.26
1.391
0.307
0.27
1.445
0.318
0.28
1.498
0.330
0.29
1.552
0.342
0.30
1.605
0.354
0.31
1.659
0.366
0.32
1.712
0.377
0.33
1.766
0.389
0.34
1.819
0.401
0.35
1.873
0.413
0.36
1.926
0.425
0.37
1.980
0.436
 
 
-Dicalcium phosphate contains 22.0% Ca and 18.7% P (NRC, 1994 for poultry).
-Each 0.01unit available phosphorous needed equals the addition of about 0.0535 unit dicalcium phosphate which consequently adds about0.0118unit Ca.
 
 
 
Table 8: Calcium content of limestone for amounts starting at 0.1 with 0.1 intervals to 4.0 units.
 
 
Calcium
 needed
Supplement
2.1
5.527
2.2
5.790
2.3
6.054
2.4
6.317
2.5
6.580
2.6
6.843
2.7
7.106
2.8
7.370
2.9
7.633
3.0
7.896
3.1
8.159
3.2
8.422
3.3
8.686
3.4
8.949
3.5
9.212
3.6
9.475
3.7
9.738
3.8
10.002
3.9
10.265
4.0
10.528
Calcium
 Needed
Supplement
0.1
0.263
0.2
0.526
0.3
0.790
0.4
1.053
0.5
1.316
0.6
1.579
0.7
1.842
0.8
2.106
0.9
2.369
1.0
2.632
1.1
2.895
1.2
3.158
1.3
3.422
1.4
3.685
1.5
3.948
1.6
4.211
1.7
4.474
1.8
4.738
1.9
5.001
2.0
5.264
 
- Limestone contains 38% Ca (NRC, 1994 for poultry).
- Each 0.1% Ca needed equals the addition of about 0.2632 limestone.
 
Table 9: Sodium content of common salt for amounts starting at 0.1          with 0. 01 intervals to 0.2 unit
 
Sodium
Supplement
 
0.10
0.256
0.11
0.282
0.12
0.308
0.13
0.333
0.14
0.359
0.15
0.384
Sodium
Supplement
 
0.16
0.410
0.17
0.436
0.18
0.461
0.19
0.487
0.20
0.512
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
         - Common  salt contains 39% Na (NRC, 1994 for poultry).
 - Each 0.01% Na added equals the addition of about 0.0256% common salt.
 
Table 10: Corn and soya (44%CP) proportions in mixtures with different C/ P ratios starting at 100 with 5 intervals to 300.
 
C/P ratio
C1
(%)
S1
(%)
MEn1
(kcal/kg)

CP1

(%)
Met1
(%)

Met+Cys1 (%)

Lys1
(%)
100
46.467
53.533
2750.4
27.504
0.416
0.853
1.561
105
49.304
50.696
2782.2
26.497
0.403
0.826
1.492
110
51.940
48.060
2811.7
25.561
0.391
0.802
1.428
115
54.397
45.603
2839.2
24.689
0.381
0.780
1.368
120
56.691
43.309
2864.9
23.875
0.371
0.758
1.312
125
58.839
41.161
2889.0
23.112
0.361
0.739
1.260
130
60.854
39.146
2911.6
22.397
0.352
0.720
1.211
135
62.748
37.252
2932.8
21.724
0.344
0.703
1.165
140
64.532
35.468
2952.8
21.091
0.336
0.686
1.122
145
66.215
33.785
2971.6
20.494
0.329
0.671
1.081
150
67.804
32.196
2989.4
19.929
0.322
0.656
1.042
155
69.309
30.691
3006.3
19.395
0.315
0.642
1.006
160
70.735
29.265
3022.2
18.889
0.309
0.629
0.971
165
72.089
27.911
3037.4
18.408
0.303
0.617
0.938
170
73.375
26.625
3051.8
17.952
0.297
0.605
0.907
175
74.599
25.401
3065.5
17.517
0.292
0.594
0.877
180
75.766
24.234
3078.6
17.103
0.287
0.583
0.849
185
76.878
23.122
3091.0
16.708
0.282
0.573
0.822
190
77.940
22.060
3102.9
16.331
0.277
0.563
0.796
195
78.956
21.044
3114.3
15.971
0.273
0.554
0.771
200
79.927
20.073
3125.2
15.626
0.268
0.545
0.748
205
80.857
19.143
3135.6
15.296
0.264
0.536
0.725
210
81.749
18.251
3145.6
14.979
0.260
0.528
0.703
215
82.605
17.395
3155.2
14.675
0.257
0.520
0.683
220
83.427
16.573
3164.4
14.384
0.253
0.512
0.663
225
84.216
15.784
3173.2
14.103
0.249
0.505
0.644
230
84.976
15.024
3181.7
13.834
0.246
0.498
0.625
235
85.707
14.293
3189.9
13.574
0.243
0.491
0.607
240
86.411
13.589
3197.8
13.324
0.240
0.485
0.590
245
87.089
12.911
3205.4
13.083
0.237
0.479
0.574
250
87.744
12.256
3212.7
12.851
0.234
0.473
0.558
255
88.376
11.624
3219.8
12.627
0.231
0.467
0.542
260
88.986
11.014
3226.6
12.410
0.228
0.461
0.528
265
89.575
10.425
3233.2
12.201
0.226
0.456
0.513
270
90.145
9.855
3239.6
11.999
0.223
0.451
0.499
275
90.696
9.304
3245.8
11.803
0.221
0.446
0.486
280
91.230
8.770
3251.8
11.613
0.219
0.441
0.473
285
91.746
8.254
3257.6
11.430
0.216
0.436
0.461
290
92.247
7.753
3263.2
11.252
0.214
0.431
0.448
295
92.732
7.268
3268.6
11.080
0.212
0.427
0.437
300
93.203
6.797
3273.9
10.913
0.210
0.423
0.425
 
- C1 is yellow corn and S1 is soybean oil meal.
- MEn, CP and AA content of the two ingredients are according to NRC (1994) feed analysis tables.
 
 
 
 
Table 11: Corn and soya (48.5%CP) proportions in mixtures with different C/ P ratios starting at 100 with 5 intervals to 300.
   
C/P
ratio
C 2
(%)
S2
(%)
MEn2
(kcal/kg)
CP2
(%)
 
Met2
(%)

Met+Cys2

(%)
Lys2
(%)
100
49.084
50.916
2886.7
28.867
0.429
0.884
1.635
105
51.908
48.092
2912.4
27.737
0.416
0.855
1.558
110
54.520
45.480
2936.1
26.692
0.403
0.828
1.488
115
56.942
43.058
2958.2
25.723
0.391
0.803
1.423
120
59.194
40.806
2978.7
24.822
0.380
0.780
1.362
125
61.294
38.706
2997.8
23.982
0.370
0.759
1.305
130
63.257
36.743
3015.6
23.197
0.360
0.738
1.252
135
65.095
34.905
3032.4
22.462
0.351
0.720
1.202
140
66.820
33.180
3048.1
21.772
0.343
0.702
1.156
145
68.443
31.557
3062.8
21.123
0.335
0.685
1.112
150
69.971
30.029
3076.7
20.512
0.327
0.669
1.071
155
71.414
28.586
3089.9
19.935
0.320
0.654
1.032
160
72.777
27.223
3102.3
19.389
0.313
0.640
0.995
165
74.068
25.932
3114.0
18.873
0.307
0.627
0.960
170
75.292
24.708
3125.2
18.383
0.301
0.614
0.927
175
76.454
23.546
3135.7
17.918
0.295
0.603
0.896
180
77.559
22.441
3145.8
17.477
0.290
0.591
0.866
185
78.610
21.390
3155.4
17.056
0.285
0.580
0.838
190
79.612
20.388
3164.5
16.655
0.280
0.570
0.810
195
80.568
19.432
3173.2
16.273
0.275
0.560
0.785
200
81.481
18.519
3181.5
15.907
0.271
0.551
0.760
205
82.355
17.645
3189.4
15.558
0.266
0.542
0.736
210
83.190
16.810
3197.0
15.224
0.262
0.533
0.714
215
83.991
16.009
3204.3
14.904
0.258
0.525
0.692
220
84.758
15.242
3211.3
14.597
0.255
0.517
0.672
225
85.494
14.506
3218.0
14.302
0.251
0.509
0.652
230
86.202
13.798
3224.4
14.019
0.248
0.502
0.633
235
86.882
13.118
3230.6
13.747
0.244
0.495
0.614
240
87.536
12.464
3236.6
13.486
0.241
0.488
0.597
245
88.165
11.835
3242.3
13.234
0.238
0.482
0.580
250
88.772
11.228
3247.8
12.991
0.235
0.476
0.563
255
89.356
10.644
3253.1
12.757
0.232
0.470
0.547
260
89.920
10.080
3258.3
12.532
0.229
0.464
0.532
265
90.465
9.535
3263.2
12.314
0.227
0.458
0.517
270
90.991
9.009
3268.0
12.104
0.224
0.453
0.503
275
91.499
8.501
3272.6
11.901
0.222
0.448
0.490
280
91.990
8.010
3277.1
11.704
0.219
0.443
0.476
285
92.465
7.535
3281.4
11.514
0.217
0.438
0.463
290
92.926
7.074
3285.6
11.330
0.215
0.433
0.451
295
93.371
6.629
3289.7
11.151
0.212
0.428
0.439
300
93.803
6.197
3293.6
10.979
0.210
0.423
0.427
 
- C2 is yellow corn and S2 is soybean oil meal.
- MEn, CP and AA content of the two ingredients are according to NRC (1994) feed analysis tables.
 
 
 
 
Table 12: Fat / soya mixtures containing the same level of protein in corn (8.5 %) starting at fat of 5000 kcal, MEn/kg with 500 intervals to 10000 units.
 
MEn in fat
used
% of fat in
mixtures
 

Fat ingredient, MEn

 
% of soya  in mixtures
Soya meal, MEn
Mixtures,
MEn
Mix/corn
difference
5000
80.68
4034.0
19.32
430.8
4464.8
 114.8
5500
 
4437.4
 
 
4868.2
1518.2
6000
 
4840.8
 
 
5271.6
1921.6
6500
 
5244.2
 
 
5675.0
2325.0
7000
 
5647.6
 
 
6078.4
2728.4
7500
 
6051.0
 
 
6481.8
3131.8
8000
 
6454.4
 
 
6885.2
3535.2
8500
 
6857.8
 
 
7288.6
3938.6
9000
 
7261.2
 
 
7692.0
4342.0
9500
 
7664.6
 
 
8095.4
4745.4
10000
 
8068.0
 
 
8498.8
5148.8
 
- Soybean meal, MEn = 2230 kcal/kg and CP% = 44 (NRC, 1994 for poultry).
 
Table 13: Soya / fat mixtures containing the same level of energy in corn (3350 kcal) starting with fat of 5000 kcal, MEn/kg with 500 intervals to 10000 units
 
MEn in fat
used
Fat/soya*
difference
Fat/corn ▫
difference
Soya %
Fat %
Crude protein %
5000
2770
1650
59.57
40.43
26.21
5500
3270
2150
65.75
34.25
28.93
6000
3770
2650
70.29
29.71
30.93
6500
4270
3150
73.77
26.23
32.46
7000
4770
3650
76.52
23.48
33.67
7500
5270
4150
78.75
21.25
34.65
8000
5770
4650
80.59
19.41
35.46
8500
6270
5150
82.14
17.86
36.14
9000
6770
5650
83.46
16.54
36.72
9500
7270
6150
84.59
15.41
37.22
10000
7770
6650
85.59
14.41
37.66
 
- Soybean meal, MEn = 2230 kcal/kg and CP% = 44.
* The difference between fat and soybean meal energy on the left side of square in the square method.
▫ The difference between the energy of fat on the upper left side and corn energy in the center of the square.
 
 
Table 14: Fat / soya mixtures containing the same level of protein in corn (8.5 %) starting with fat of 5000 kcal, MEn/kg with 500 intervals to10000 units
 
MEn in fat used
% of fat
in
mixtures
 
Fat ingredient
Men
% of soya
in mixtures
Soya meal
 MEn
Mixture,
MEn
Mix/corn
Difference
5000
82.47
4123.5
17.53
427.8
4551.3
1201.3
5500
 
4535.9
 
 
4535.9
1185.9
6000
 
4948.2
 
 
4948.2
1598.2
6500
 
5360.6
 
 
5360.6
2010.6
7000
 
5772.9
 
 
5772.9
2422.9
7500
 
6185.3
 
 
6185.3
2835.3
8000
 
6597.6
 
 
6597.6
3247.6
8500
 
7010.0
 
 
7010.0
3660.0
9000
 
7422.3
 
 
7422.3
4072.3
9500
 
7834.7
 
 
7834.7
4484.7
10000
 
8247.0
 
 
8247.0
4897.0
 
     - Soybean meal, MEn = 2440 kcal/kg and CP% = 48.5 (NRC ,1994 for poultry).
 
Table 15: Soya / fat mixtures containing the same level of energy in corn (3350 kcal) starting with fat of 5000 kcal, MEn/kg with 500 intervals to 10000 units
 
MEn in fat
used
Fat/soya*
difference
Fat/corn ▫
difference
Soya %
Fat %
Crude protein %
5000
2560
1650
64.45
35.55
31.26
5500
3060
2150
70.26
29.74
34.08
6000
3560
2650
74.44
25.56
36.10
6500
4060
3150
77.59
22.41
37.63
7000
4560
3650
80.04
19.96
38.82
7500
5060
4150
82.02
17.98
39.78
8000
5560
4650
83.63
16.37
40.56
8500
6060
5150
84.98
15.02
41.22
9000
6560
5650
86.13
13.87
41.77
9500
7060
6150
87.11
12.89
42.25
10000
7560
6650
87.96
12.04
42.66
 
- Soybean meal, MEn = 2440 kcal/kg and CP% = 48.5.
* The difference between fat and soybean meal energy on the left side of square in the square method.
▫ The difference between the energy of fat on the upper left side and corn energy in the center of the square.
 

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