A STUDY OF THE ANTICOCCIDIAL EFFECTS OF CLOPIDOL AND GARLIC POWDER ON EIMERIA-INFECTED BROILERS

Document Type : Research article

Authors

Animal Health Research Institute

Abstract

This work was carried out to compare between the anticoccidial efficacy of clopidol and garlic powder. Three groups of one day old Hubbard chicks each of 30 birds were used in this study. The 1st group received only basal ration (control). The second group received clopidol 125 mg/ kg B.W. The third group received garlic powder 5 gram /kg B.W. Birds in all groups were infected with a field stain of Eimeria spp. (50.000 oocysts / bird) at 21 days of age. Mortality rate and clinical signs of coccidiosis were recorded. Also, oocyst count/gm faeces, body weight gain and feed conversion were measured at 7th, 14th and 21 th day after challenge. Five birds in each group were killed one week post infection and lesion score was determined. Blood samples were collected from birds of each group at the end of experiment for detection of serum levels of AST, ALT, creatinine and uric acid. The obtained data demonstrated that administration of clopidol or garlic powder evoked a significant decrease in mortality rate, oocyst count/gm droppings, lesion score and clinical signs of coccidiosis, compared with infected non treated group. Also, adding of clopidol or garlic powder improved the performance of the birds. The serum level of AST, ALT, createnine and uric acid was decreased by both treatment. It was noticed that  addition of garlic powder induce more prominent effects than clopidol in improving the feed conversion (at 21 day post infection) and serum creatinin level and decreasing the mortality rate.  On the other hand, clopidol treated group had a lower oocysts count/ gm droppings (1st and 2nd week post infection) compared with other groups.

Keywords

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AssiutUniversity web-site: www.aun.edu.eg

 

A STUDY OFTHE ANTICOCCIDIAL EFFECTS OF CLOPIDOL AND GARLIC POWDER ON EIMERIA-INFECTED BROILERS

 

EL DAKROURY, M.F.; REDA, S. FADLY and BAZ, G.M.

Animal Health Research Institute

                                                                                           

Received: 30 September 2016;       Accepted: 17 October 2016

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

This work was carried out to compare between the anticoccidial efficacy of clopidol and garlic powder. Three groups of one day old Hubbard chicks each of 30 birds were used in this study. The 1st group received only basal ration (control). The second group received clopidol 125 mg/ kg B.W. The third group received garlic powder 5 gram /kg B.W. Birds in all groups were infected with a field stain of Eimeria spp. (50.000 oocysts / bird) at 21 days of age. Mortality rate and clinical signs of coccidiosis were recorded. Also, oocyst count/gm faeces, body weight gain and feed conversion were measured at 7th, 14th and 21 th day after challenge. Five birds in each group were killed one week post infection and lesion score was determined. Blood samples were collected from birds of each group at the end of experiment for detection of serum levels of AST, ALT, creatinine and uric acid. The obtained data demonstrated that administration of clopidol or garlic powder evoked a significant decrease in mortality rate, oocyst count/gm droppings, lesion score and clinical signs of coccidiosis, compared with infected non treated group. Also, adding of clopidol or garlic powder improved the performance of the birds. The serum level of AST, ALT, createnine and uric acid was decreased by both treatment. It was noticed that  addition of garlic powder induce more prominent effects than clopidol in improving the feed conversion (at 21 day post infection) and serum creatinin level and decreasing the mortality rate.  On the other hand, clopidol treated group had a lower oocysts count/ gm droppings (1st and 2nd week post infection) compared with other groups.

 

Key words:Anticoccidial, Clopidol, Garlic Powder, Eimeria-Infected, Broilers.

 

 


INTRODUCTION

 

Coccidiosis remains one of the most expensive and common diseases of poultry in spite of advances in chemotherapy, management, nutrition and genetics. (Cox, 1998 and Ernik and Bedrnik, 2001). It leads to the extensive destruction of the intestinal epithelium which results in reduced food efficiency and body weight gain, as well as a temporary reduction in egg production (Min et al., 2004 and Dalloul and Lillehoj 2005). This has a considerable economic loss at the level of poultry industry.

 

Clopidol is one of the anticoccidial drugs acts by inhibiting coccidial respiration by interfering with cytochrome-mediated electron transport in the parasites mitochondria (Fry and Williams, 1984; Long 1993; Adam, 2001 and Walter, 2008). This was confirmed by Sevcik and Danek (1972) who found that, the number of oocysts excreted in the faeces of birds treated with  clopidol  was  much  lower  than in

 

 

 


Corresponding author: Dr. REDA, S. FADLY

E-mail address: dr_redafadly@yahoo.com

Present address: Animal Health Research Institute

the control one. Moreover the authors mentioned that, the higher the dosage of clopidol, the lower oocysts count. This was also reported by Bahadoran et al. (2013).

 

There are numerous reports indicating the efficacy of garlic in the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases and for validating its traditional uses. For instance, garlic has been described to exhibit antimicrobial activity (Chowdhury et al., 1991; Yoshida et al., 1998; Fleischauer et al., 2000), antitumor activity (Sundaram and Milner, 1996; Karasaki et al., 2001), as well as antithrombotic, antiarthritic, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic activities (Duraka et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2003). Moreover, garlic has been reported to be effective against diverse parasites such as Amoeba (Peyghan et al., 2008), Leishmania (Ghazanfari et al., 2006), Trypanosoma (Nok et al., 1996) Cryptosporidium (Wahba, 2003) and coccidiosis (Worku et al. 2009; Dkhil et al., 2011 and Pourali, et al. 2014).

 

At the present study, the anticoccidial effects of clopidol and garlic were evaluatedin broilers.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Drug

Clopidolwas used in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation Lopidolmix® (registered by Atco –Pharma). Each 1 kg contains clopidol 250 gm.

 

Preparation of garlic powder

Garlic bulbs were purchased from a local source. The bulbs were chopped into tiny cuts, sun dried, winnowed to remove the husk and then ground into fine powder.

 

Chickens

Ninety Chickens, one day old Hubbard chicks were used in the present study. All chicks were reared in separate cages and were fed on a balanced ration. Free access of Feed and water was also allowed.

 

Grouping and experimental design:

The chicks were divided into three equal groups, each of 30 chick. The first group was kept non infected and served as a control, the second group was treated with 125 ppm of clopidol, the third group was treated with 5 gram /kg B.W of garlic powder. Isolation of field Eimeria strain, sporulation and propagation of the oocysts was carried out according to the method described by Saif (2003). At 21 th day of age, about 50,000 oocysts were given orally to each birds in all experimental groups Oocyst count/gm faeces and faecal score examination were performed at 7th, 14th and 21 th day after challenge.

 

Evaluation of the anticoccidial efficacy

 

Oocyst count:

Faecal samples were collected at 7th, 14th and 21 th day after challenge for oocyst count and faecal score examination. The oocyst count was carried out according to the method described by Abd El-Rahman et al. (1982).

 

Post mortem and lesion score:

The method described by Elbahy et al. (2006)was used. Five birds were killed one week post infection and a scoring system (according to the severity of infection) was adopted between 0 and ++++.

 

Final body weight and feed conversion rate:

The feed conversion rates were calculated according to the following equation:

feed conversion rates =consumed feed (grams)/ body weight gain (grams) × 100

 

The biochemical analysis:

Blood samples were collected from birds of each group at the end of the experiment. Serum AST, and ALT were measured according toReitman and Frankel (1957), Createnine by Seeling and Wust (1969) and uric acid (Baraham and Trinder, 1972). 

 

Mortality rate:

Number of dead birds were also recorded throughout the experiment to calculate the morality rate (number of dead birds / total number of birds in each group).   

 

Clinical signs:

After infection, chickens were kept under observation for recording the intensity of clinical signs of coccidiosis as diarrhea, bloody faeces, stop feeding and depression (Brandcr et al., 1991).

 

Statistical analysis:

Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test was used for comparison between means (SAS, 1998).

 

RESULTS

 

The obtained data concerning the effect of clopidol and garlic powder on the chickens infected with Eimeria spp.revealed that administration of clopidol or garlic powder evoked a significant decrease in oocyst count/gm droppings, lesion score, clinical signs of coccidiosis and mortality rate compared with infected non treated group. Also, adding of clopidol or garlic powder improved the performance of the birds. The activity of serum AST, ALT, createnine and uric acid was decreased by both treatment. On the other hand, addition of garlic powder induce more prominent effects than clopidol in improving the feed conversion (at 21 day post infection) and serum creatinin level and decreasing the mortality rate. The results of the study were illustrated in the following tables.

 

 

 

 

Table 1: Effect of clopidol and garlic powder on oocyst count (× 103)/gm feaces in Eimeria-infected broilers.

 

Groups /

Weeks P.I.

Group (1)

Infected non treated

Group (2)

Treated with clopidol

Group (3)

Treated with garlic powder

1st week

1071.2±25.1a

481.0±3.7c

534.2±13.2b

2nd  week

582.0±7.82a

141. ±9.0c

162.0±5.7b

3rd  week

271 ±0.314 a

161.8± 1.32 b

163.6 ± 1.28 b

 

Means in the same row bearing different letters, differ significantly (P<0.05)

 

Table 2: Lesion score in broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria and Supplemented with clopidol and garlic powder.

 

Groups

Lesion score

Group (1)

Infected non treated

+++

Group (2)

Treated with clopidol

+

Group (3)

Treated with garlic powder

+

 

Table 3: Effect of clopidol and garlic powder on weekly body weight gain in chicken infected with Eimeria pp.

 

Groups /

Weeks  P.I.

Group (1)

Infected non treated

Group (2)

Treated with clopidol

Group (3)

Treated with garlic powder

1st week

183.5±6.9a

319.31±8.0c

285.7±6.3b

2nd  week

278.3±10.4a

545.2±13.6c

452.8±21.3b

3rd  week

296.2±4.6a

472.3±13.6b

449.6±19.8b

Means in the same row bearing different letters, differ significantly (P<0.05)

 

Table 4: Effect of clopidol and garlic powder on weekly FCR in chicken.

 

Groups /

Weeks  P.I.

Group (1)

Infected non treated

Group (2)

Treated with clopidol

Group (3)

Treated with garlic powder

1st week

3.04 ± 0.10a

2.53 ± 0.09a

2.24 ± 0.22b

2nd  week

3.07 ± 0.12a

2.46 ± 0.09b

2.27 ± 0.12b

3rd  week

3.45 ± 0.15a

3.05 ± 0.18b

2.3 ± 0.07c

Means in the same row bearing different letters, differ significantly (P<0.05)

 

Groups

AST (U/L)

ALT(U/L)

Createnine (mg/dL)

uric acid (mg/dL)

Group (1)

Infected non treated

97.2± 6.1a

22.1±2.0 a

0.84± 0.047 a

9.38±0.34 a

Group (2)

Infected treated  with clopidol

72.8± 5.3 b

14.3±0.88 b

0.67±0.043 b

6.25±0.23 b

Group (3)

Infected treated with

garlic powder

74.6±5.9 b

14.1±1.1 b

0.51±0.058 c

6.22±0.26 b

Table 5: Some biochemical analysis in broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria spp. and Supplemented with clopidol or garlic powder.

 

Means in the same column bearing different letters, differ significantly (P<0.05)

 

Table 6: Effect of clopidol and garlic powder on mortality rate of infected chicks (30/group).

 

Groups /

Weeks  P.I.

Group (1)

Infected non treated

Group (2)

Treated with clopidol

Group (3)

Treated with garlic powder

1st week

4

3

2

2nd  week

2

1

1

3rd  week

0

0

0

Total %

20 %

13.3 %

10 %

 


DISCUSSION

 

Shedding of Eimeria oocysts is an important parameter which used by researchers for evaluation of the anticoccidial drugs. The obtained data concerning the effect of clopidol and garlic powder on the oocysts count/gm dropping of chickens infected with Eimeria revealed that both clopidol and garlic powder evoked a significant decrease in oocyst count/gm droppings. The previous results agree with Ryley, (1967); Sevcik and Danek (1972); Ryley and Wilson, (1975), Singh et al. (1982) and Arakawa, (1991). The authors found that, the number of oocysts excreted in the faeces of clopidol treated birds was much lower than in the control non treated one. Moreover, Giebel et al. (1983) stated that clopidol was superior to nicarbazin in terms of deceasing the mortality, intestinal lesions and oocysts count. The anticoccidial effect of clopidol could be attributed to inhibition of the electron transport system within parasite mitochondria  (Fry and Williams, 1984; Adam, 2001 and Walter, 2008).

 

Worku et al. (2009); Dkhil et al. (2011) and Pourali et al. (2014) reported that garlic significantly decreased oocysts output. Garlic is rich in organosulfur compounds whose precursors (allicin, diallyl sulfide and diallyl trisulfide) that believed to play key roles in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, garlic probably eliminated the negative effects of coccidial infection and improved the performance of infected birds (Banerjee et al., 2003). The same findings were reported also by khan et al. (2012).

 

The obtained findings in this work showed that adding of clopidol or garlic powder improved body weight gain and feed conversion of the infected birds. The biochemical analysis of the two groups treated with clopidol or garlic powder revealed improvement of liver & kidney functions. Serum activity of AST, ALT, uric acid and creatinine were significantly decreased in treated groups in comparison with infected non treated one. The level of serum enzyme activity reflects the condition of liver, kidney, cecci and other organs. This could be due to the ability of coccidia to induce liver and kidney damage beside other factors such as loss of appetite, sloughing of mucosal cells in ceacum and bloody diarrhea. This result are in agreement with Kumor and Rawat (1975); Singh et al. (1976); El-Dahshan (1996); Ibrahim (1998) and Biu et al. (2006) and Pourali et al. (2014), who reported that chickens infected with coccidian developed hepatocelluler and renal damage, and that serum AST, ALT, uric acid and creatinine were significantly high. This adverse effect of coccidiosis could be explained on the base of increased the production of nitric oxide derived products (nitrite/nitrate) and malondialdehyde, lowered glutathione levels and decreased activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, respectively. (Dkhil et al., 2011).

 

CONCLUSION

 

It could be concluded that, garlic powder (5 gram /kg B.W) can be used as an alternative to traditional anticoccidial drugs as clopidol (125 mg/ kg B.W) to overcome coccidiosis in broiler.

 

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دراسه تأثير الکليبيدول ومسحوق الثوم کمضاد للکوکسيديا على دجاج التسمين المصاب بالايميريا

 

محمد فهمى الدکرورى، جمال باز محمد باز ، رضا سمير فضلى

 

Email: dr_redafadly@yahoo.com         AssiutUniversity web-site: www.aun.edu.eg

 

المستهدف من هذه الدراسه  البحث عن  امکانيه  إيجاد بدائل طبيعيه لمضادات الکوکسيديا التقليديه· فى هذا البحث تمت مقارنه استخدام عقار الکليبيدول بمسحوق الثوم لمقاومه الکوکسيديا فى دجاج التسمين· قسمت الکتاکيت الى ثلاث مجموعات متساوية کل منها تحتوى على  30 کتکوت عمر 1 يوم· المجموعه الاولى کانت مجموعه ضابطه غذيت على علائق أساسيه بدون اى إضافات بينما المجموعه الثانيه غذيت على علائق مضاف إليها عقار الکليبيدول (125مج/کجم ) والمجموعه الثالثه غذيت على علائق مضاف اليها مسحوق  الثوم ( 5جم/ کجم ) · تمت العدوى باستخدام 50000 حويصله من الايميريا لکل طائر عند عمر 21 يوم وسجلت النتائج عند اليوم 7و14و21 بعد العدوى· تم ذبح 5 طيور فى کل مجموعه بعد العدوى باسبوع وذلک  لمقارنه الآفات التشريحيه المرضيه بين المجموعات المختلفه ·فى نهايه التجربه ايضا  تم سحب عينات دم من الطيور لإجراء عدد من الفحوص البيوکيميائيه· وقد اظهرت النتائج أن استخدام  الکليبيدول او الثوم أدى إلى إنخفاض معنوى فى عدد حويصلات الأيميريا  فى زرق الکتاکيت و کذلک  الأعراض الظاهريه لعدوى الکوکسيديا و وتقليل معدلات النفوق والآفات التشريحيه المرضيه بالاضافه الى تحسن معدل التحويل الغذائى للطيور· أما بالنسبة للتأثير على انزيمات الکبد ووظائف الکلى فقد حد ث انخفاض معنوى فى مستوى انزيم الالانين أمينوترانسفيريز وانزيم الأسبارتيت أمينوترانسفيريز وکذلک فى مستوى حمض اليوريک والکرياتينين فى کلا المجموعتين المعالجتين بالکليبيدول ومسحوق الثوم· وقد لوحظ انه بالاضافه إلى ذلک کان  معدل التحويل الغذائى (فى الاسبوع الثالث بعد العدوى) ومستوى الکرياتينين ونسبه  النفوق الأقل فى المجموعه الثالثه عن باقى المجموعات بينما وجد أن الکليبيدول کان أکثر فاعليه من مسحوق الثوم فى تقليل عدد أکياس الايميريا فى زرق الکتاکيت عند الاسبوع الأول والثانى بعد العدوى.                                                                                  

 

References

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