EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF TURMERIC POWDER ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, BEHAVIOR AND BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF FAYOUMI BROILERS

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder on the performance, carcass traits and behavior of native Fayoumi broiler. A total number of 120 one month old commercial male Fayoumi broilers with nearly similar weights were randomly distributed into three experimental groups each 40 birds in 4 replicates (10 bird/replicate). Birds in the first group were fed on standard basal diet without any addition ( control T1) while, Fayoumi broilers in the second and the third groups fed on the same basal diet supplemented with 0.5 and 0.75% turmeric powder (T2&T3). Growth performance parameters, carcass traits, and behavioral parameters were assessed. The results showed that, there was a significant increased in body weight gain, feeding, drinking and sitting behavior, total protein, globulin, calcium, phosphorus and dressing percentage while, significant decrease in FCR, walking and standing behavior. Addition of turmeric powder in the second and third treatment had no significant effect on albumin level, relative weights of liver, gizzard, heart and spleen over six weeks of experimental period. Results of the current study concluded that using turmeric (curcuma longa) powder supplement in Fayoumi broiler diets improved growth performance and ingestive behavior, in addition, total serum protein, globulin, calcium, phosphorus and dressing percentage were increased significantly.


INTRODUCTION
In Egypt, the demand for broiler meat is increased rapidly, driven by increased income and population growth and urbanization.Thus, broiler farming seems to be a considerable part of meat production and consumption.Poultry is one of the short duration and efficient avenue to convert the agro-industrial by-products and wastes into a high quality protein for human consumption.
Native Egyptian chickens (Fayoumi breed) become a profitable and most popular income generating sector for the educated unemployed youth in rural regions.Most of the poultry farmers are interested in its production because it survive normally with farmers as a scavenger bird showed a strong inherent scavenging, also have the carcass characteristics and flavor desired by Egyptian consumers.In addition to less prone to predator attacks and can survive under harsh nutritional and environmental conditions.Moreover, such breed demonstrated better general disease resistance than imported breeds, because they have evolved through natural selection for a long period in the prevailing environment (Ramadan et al., 2011).
Success on rearing broilers for maximum weight gain is not only depends upon the strain of the birds and management but also on high quality feed (Nazeer et al., 2002).Hence, it is essential to enhance the feeding value of available feed resources so as to improve the efficiency of feed utilization and minimize the cost of feed per kilogram live weight gain (Zhang et al., 2009).
The feed additives are a cluster of nutrient and nonnutrient composites which help in improving the efficiency of feed utilization and consequently dropping the high cost of feeds.These additives have established a great consideration as feed supplements for numerous purposes in poultry production throughout the recent years (Zhang et al., 2009).
Phytobiotics have gained increasing interest as natural growth promoting feed additives in broiler production in recent years.These have wide range of medicinal properties with no residual side effects (Rahman et al., 2014).Beneficial effects of these substances in poultry nutrition are due to their high content of pharmacologically active compounds stimulating appetite and feed intake, improving endogenous digestive secretion and activating immune responses (Nouzarian et al., 2011).
Several studies on broilers fed on phytogenic blends of coriander, turmeric, thyme and others have been indicated considerable improvement in growth performance, immune indicators and carcass characteristics in both broiler chicken and ducks (Qasem et al., 2015 andHady et al., 2016).Phytogenic blends used singly or in combination as feed additives in animal feeds (Valenzuela-Grijalva et al., 2017).Among the various spices turmeric (Curcuma longa L), also known as the golden spice, is of special interest owing to its wide range of beneficial pharmacological effects in supportive of the health and well-being of both animals and humans (Prasad et al., 2014).Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a member of Zingiberacae family and one of herbs which contained an active component named curcumin (Mashhadani, 2015).It has a multitude effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and gastroprotective, (Prasad et al., 2014).It also posses immune-modulatory and hepatoprotective properties (Rajput et al., 2013).
Accordingly, the aim of the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of curcumin powder on production performance; behavior and blood serum metabolites of Fayoumi broiler chickens.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research was carried out at the research unit of animal behavior and management, Veterinary medicine hospital, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
Birds and housing 120 one month old male fayoumi broilers were purchased from a local commercial farm and assigned into three treated groups each of 40 birds in 4 replicates (10 birds / replicate).Birds were reared in isolated deep-litter floor pens for 42 days (from 30 to 72 days of age) and fed ad libitum on the respective diets and give free access to fresh water.

Dietary treatments
Birds were fed on commercial grower-finisher diet showed in table (1) for the 6 weeks of fattening period.In the first group, birds were fed ad libitum on basal grower-finisher diet (control diet), while fayoumi broilers in the second and third groups fed on the same diet supplemented with 0.5 or 0.75% turmeric powder.

Management and data collection:
Growth and feed efficiency traits Body weights of the birds were recorded weekly throughout the experiment period using a digital scale.Feed intake (FI) was calculated as the difference between the feed weighed in and unconsumed weighed back at the end of each period.Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was weekly calculated by dividing the feed intake by the weight gain.

Behavioral parameters
Behavior of 40 birds per treatment (10 bird x 4 replicate) were observed according to a predefined ethogram (Table 2) using instantaneous scanning sampling method (Altmann, 1974), twice a day in morning from 0800 to 0900 and late afternoon from 1400 to 1500, for 3 days weekly (Monday-Wednesday) during the entire experiment (from 30 to 72 days of age).The 12 pens were divided into 3blocks, and each block contains all treatments.Behaviors of all birds in one block (i.e. 4 pens) were scored every min during 4 min.After sampling one block, moved to another block to repeat the same behavioral observation.In total, behavior of each treatment was scanned 12 times on each day (3 replicate X 2 cycle per period scored 6 times/hour).Data are presented as the proportion of each behavioral frequency (number of scans out of the total number possible) (Kristensen et al., 2006).Bird is in the process of taking at least 2 steps, including scratching the litter.

Relative weights of internal organs
At the end of the experiment at 72 day of age, 3 birds from each replicate were randomly selected and weighed then, killed by cutting the neck.After bleeding for few minutes, scalding, defeathering and evisceration was performed manually.The weights of liver, gizzard, proventriculus, heart, spleen were recorded then relative weights were calculated as a percentage of live weight of the birds and the dressed carcass were recorded for each bird.

Blood samples:
Total 36 blood sample was collected (3 birds/replicate) were collected at the end of experiment.These samples were collected from cutting jugular vein during stunting in 5 ml sterilized syringes and pooled from each replicate, and 12 blood samples were analyzed.
After collecting blood the syringes were kept in slanted position then centrifuged (3,000 ×g for 10 min) and serum was separated, then stored at -20 o C until assayed for measuring biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, calcium and phosphorus) using appropriate laboratory kits (Gowenlock et al., 1988).

Statistical Analysis
The results were subjected to statistical analysis using One-way ANOVA for completely randomized design.Treatment means were compared by Duncan test through SPSS (1999).

RESULTS
Data present in tables (3-5) cleared that, addition of turmeric powder increased significantly body weight, feed intake, body weight gain, total protein, globulin, calcium, phosphorus, FCR, and dressing percentage while, there are non significant effect in albumin level, relative weights of liver, gizzard, heart and spleen over six weeks of experimental period.Values are expressed as means ± standard error (SE).Means within the same row of different litters are significantly different at (P ˂0.05) Figures 1,2,3 and 4 showed that, there a significant increase in feeding, drinking and sitting behavior in treated group compared with control one while, a significant decrease in walking and standing behavior.

DISCUSSION
The significant increase (P<0.05) in feed intake and feeding behavior was observed in treated groups and the lowest was recorded in control group which mean that the supplementation of turmeric powder at 0.5 and 0.75% improved feed intake.Similar findings with respect to improvement of feed intake were observed by several workers (Malekizadeh et al., 2012;Sharma et al., 2015 andHady et al., 2016).In contrary to the present observations, Nouzarian et al. (2011), Al-Jaleel, (2012) and Rajput et al. (2013) reported no significant difference, also, Hilal and Canan, (2017) and Arslan et al. (2017) reported a reduced in feed consumption.The increased feed intake might be due to addition of turmeric powder possesses appetite stimulant, stomachic and carminative properties (Platel andSrinivasan, 2004 andChakraborty et al., 2011), also the activity of turmeric as an antioxidant that stimulated protein synthesis (Osawa et al., 1995) by birds' enzymatic system.Moreover, the significant increase in sitting behavior with decrease of walking and standing behavior of a bird accompanied with an increase in feed intake that, might be leading to heavy body weight of bird which reduce the chicken's activity (Weeks et al., 2000(.Body weight and body weight gain differed significantly (P<0.05)among the different treated groups.Groups (1&2) achieved significantly higher body weight as compared to control one.Similar observations were reported by Mashhadani, (2015) and Sethy et al. (2016).Contrary to the present finding, Mehala and Moorthy, (2008) and Nouzarian et al. (2011) reported that body weight was not affected by dietary supplementation of turmeric powder in broiler chicken.On other hand, the improvement of body gain was reported by previous work of Mondal et al. (2015), Sharma et al. (2015), Sethy et al. (2016) and Arslan et al. (2017).Moreover, improvement of FCR was agreed with the finding of several workers of Hilal and Canan, (2017) and Arslan et al. (2017).
While, our result disagreed with (Mehala and Moorthy, 2008, Vashan et al., 2012and Fallah and Mirzaei, 2016) who reported non significant finding in FCR due to using of turmeric powder.The wide range of performance results may be attributed to the dose, form, duration of processing of medicinal plants and experimental condition.
The improvement in body weight and body weight gain of the broiler chickens may due to several causes as appetizer effects of turmeric increasing gastric digestion liquor (William and Losa 2001), increased villus length and width in the duodenum, jejunum and caeca of broiler chickens (Rajput et al., 2013); enhanced production of the bile, which improves the digestion of fats (Al-Sultan and Gameel, 2004); increase pancreatic lipase activity, increased amylase, trypsin and chemotrypsin (Chattopadhyay et al., 2004); stimulate the intestinal sucrose and maltase activities (Platel and Srinivasan, 1996); forming more balanced intestinal flora due to their antimicrobial effects (Erhan et al., 2012); decreased the intestinal microbes' population and selectively increased Lactobacillus count (Sieo et al., 2005 andNamagirilakshmi et al., 2010).The reduction in microbial load of broiler chickens could be due to the antibacterial effect of turmeric on intestinal microbial (Faghani et al., 2014) which reflected mainly to more feed intake and more digestion.

Relative weights and biochemical parameters
The inclusion of turmeric powder into fayoumi broilers increased significantly dressing percentages, while did not affect significantly on relative weights of liver, gizzard, heart and spleen.These results agreed with Durrani et al. (2006) and Al-Jaleel (2012) while disagreed with the finding of Mashhadani (2015); Kafi et al. (2017) and Hilal and Canan, (2017).
The significant increase in total protein, globulin, calcium and phosphorus level with no effect on albumin level, agreed with the results reported by Rao et al. (1970) who found that, serum total protein of broilers fed turmeric powders can improve protein metabolism of broiler chickens.This effect can be probably explained by these medicinal plants can promote protein deposition in broilers "in vivo" maintain a stable colloid osmotic pressure, improve the transportation of metabolic products, improve feed conversion rate and promote growth.Moreover, Zhu et al. (2014) found an increase in seric globulins; protective effects on cells via enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms, while, disagreed with Abou-Elkhair et al. (2014) who found no significant effect on total protein and albumin.

CONCLUSION
Using turmeric (curcuma longa) powder supplement in fayoumi broiler diets improved body weigh gain, FCR, and Ingestive behavior.In addition, total protein, globulin, calcium, phosphorus and dressing percentage were increased significantly.

Fig
Fig. (2): Shows drinking behavior of broilers fed different experimental diets.

Fig
Fig. (4): Shows standing behavior of broilers fed different experimental diets.

Fig. ( 5
Fig. (5): Shows Sitting behavior of broilers fed different experimental diets Means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05) a,b,c

Table1 :
Physical composition and energy value of the different experimental diets.

Table 2 :
behavior Ethogram Both feet are in contact with the floor; no other body part is in contact with floor.Most of the ventral region of the bird's body in contact with floor.No space is visible between the floor and the bird.

Table 3 :
Growth performance parameters of broilers fed different experimental diets.

Table 4 :
Carcass traits of broilers fed different experimental diets.

Table 5 :
Blood biochemical parameters of broilers fed different experimental diets.